In recent decades, evidence has been accumulating showing the important role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in growth, invasion, and metastasis of malignant tumours. The evidence comes from results with animal tumour models and from the observation that a high level of uPA in human tumours is associated with a poor patient prognosis. It therefore initially came as a surprise that a high tumour level of the uPA inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I) is also associated with a poor prognosis, the PAI-I level in fact being one of the most informative biochemical prognostic markers. We review here recent investigations into the possible tumour biological role of PAI-I, performed by animal tumour models, histological examination of human tumours, and new knowledge about the molecular interactions of PAI-I possibly underlying its tumour biological functions. The exact tumour biological functions of PAI-I remain uncertain but PAI-I seems to be multifunctional as PAI-I is expressed by multiple cell types and has multiple molecular interactions. The potential utilisation of PAI-I as a target for anti-cancer therapy depends on further mapping of these functions.
Objective: to reflect on Paulo Freire's Research Itinerary as a theoretical-methodological framework developed within the Culture Circles and their contributions to health.Method: the text was constructed with the support of the Freirean praxis, seeking to reflect on its method of work, which occurs in three dialectical and interdisciplinary phases: thematic research; coding and decoding; and critical unveiling. The research itinerary values the cultural and historical sources of the participants, which can be revealed in the Culture Circles.Results: this framework is based on a critical-social pedagogy, which has an ethical commitment to emancipation and liberation from society to promote quality of life. For this to occur there are two fundamental elements in its philosophy: awareness and dialogue. These reflect a true exercise of transdisciplinarity, especially in the area of health, whose practices are aimed at the human being. Paulo Freire is an educator, based on a political-humanist vision, whose main concepts are: dialogue, culture, praxis, oppressor/oppressed, emancipation and Culture Circles Conclusion: freirean praxis reflects reality and intervenes in such, theorizing it not pedagogically but in its political dimension. It is articulated with qualitative research, seeking to unveil social reality. DESCRIPTORS:Methodology. Qualitative research. Health. Nursing. Autonomy. REFLEXÕES SOBRE O ITINERÁRIO DE PESQUISA DE PAULO FREIRE:CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA A SAÚDE Objetivo: refletir acerca do itinerário de pesquisa de Paulo Freire como referencial teórico-metodológico desenvolvido no interior dos Círculos de Cultura e suas contribuições para a saúde.Método: o texto foi construído com suporte da práxis freireana, buscando refletir sobre seu método de trabalho, que ocorre em três fases dialéticas e interdisciplinares: investigação temática; codificação e descodificação; e desvelamento crítico. O itinerário de pesquisa valoriza as fontes culturais e históricas dos participantes, que podem ser desveladas nos Círculos de Cultura.Resultados: esse referencial está embasado em uma pedagogia crítico-social, que tem um compromisso ético de emancipação e libertação da sociedade para promover qualidade de vida. Para que isso ocorra há dois elementos que são fundamentais na sua filosofia: a conscientização e o diálogo. Esses refletem um verdadeiro exercício de transdisciplinaridade, especialmente na área da saúde, que tem suas práticas voltadas ao ser humano. Paulo Freire é um educador que se fundamenta em uma visão político-humanista, cujos principais conceitos são: diálogo, cultura, práxis, opressor/oprimido, emancipação e Círculo de Cultura.Conclusão: a práxis freireana reflete a realidade e intervêm sobre ela, teorizando-a não pedagogicamente e sim na sua dimensão política. Articula-se com a pesquisa qualitativa, buscando o desvelamento da realidade social. Método: el texto fue construido con soporte de la praxis freireana, buscando reflexionar sobre su método de trabajo, que ocurre en tres fases dialécticas e in...
The supply of minerals needed to meet rumen microbe requirements should match the amount of energy available for fermentation. Therefore, we attempt to assess microbial requirements for phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) and magnesium (Mg) in terms of fermentable organic matter at the rumen level (OMF) or in terms of digestible matter in the total tract (OMD). In vivo, about 5 g of P and 1.8 g of S/kg OMD should be available (a) in the rumen. Pa is provided mostly by salivary secretion, which depends on several dietary factors as well as on the physiological state of the animal; dietary S supply with natural diets depends on dietary S availability, which can be particularly low for some roughages. Dietary Mg concentration should be in the range 1.5-2.5 g/kg OMD. The circumstances in which major minerals may be used to manipulate rumen fermentation are discussed. With a high concentrate diet the addition of a mineral buffer may help to maintain an adequate pH for cellulolysis and enhance the efficiency and quantity of the microbes produced. Some inconsistent results are obtained, possibly because of the sensitivity of rumen microbes to high osmolality. It is concluded that, as the margin between optimal stimulatory concentration and toxic excess is narrow, rumen fermentation should be manipulated cautiously when using minerals.
Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa articulada com o referencial metodológico de Paulo Freire, consistindo de três momentos: investigação temática; codificação e descodificação; desvelamento crítico. Objetivou compreender se a Consulta de Enfermagem promove a autonomia das mulheres em um Centro de Saúde. Constituíram-se seis Círculos de Cultura com duas horas de duração e média de nove participantes, ocorridos entre maio e julho de 2011. A investigação revelou oito temas, que foram desvelados em dois, necessidade de escuta e diálogo sobre violência doméstica, relação do enfermeiro e partícipes na Consulta de Enfermagem. Os resultados indicam que a Consulta pode constituir-se como espaço para o desenvolvimento de ações de Promoção, que ocorrem ainda timidamente no Centro de Saúde. Como possibilidades e limitações destacam-se a necessidade de capacitações multiprofissionais para compreender questões conceituais e estratégias de Promoção, intensificando suas práticas em todos os espaços do Sistema Único de Saúde.
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