IntroductionAnthropological analysis of the orbits using classic anthropometric instruments based on width and height measurements as well as orbital index allows for classification of orbits in terms of their shape, yet it has poor clinical application. Nowadays computer graphics enables a precise research technique implementing the latest achievements in digital technology and data recording. The aim of the study was to compare in let parameters of left and right orbits in male and female skulls by means of digital analysis techniques.Material and methodsThe analysis was carried out on 184 early medieval well-preserved skulls. The examined crania were fixed into Molisson's craniost at in the author's own modification. They were directed in space towards the Frankfurt plane and photographed in a frontal norm. Parameters describing the plane structure of the orbits were obtained through computer analysis, integrating raster and vector graphics of mathematical recordings of craniofacial structures.ResultsThe research demonstrated some differences between male and female skulls. Parameters of right orbit like area, circumference, radius, excavation, circularity deviation and functional were statistically significant higher values in male skull. The following parameters of left orbit: area, circumference, reference circle radius, parameter describing height between two point (mf-ek), maximal width, maximal excavation in relation to median and mean, circularity deviation and functional were statistically significant higher parameter in the male group.ConclusionsOrbit shape variability, and especially variability of the orbit in let, are highly important features for anthropologists and maxillofacial surgeons, hence the usefulness of the in let orbit shape digital analysis.

In order to make all calculations more objective, computer systems that measure digital pictures were used. A digital analysis of the UMC pictures, combining different techniques of computer graphics, was approved as a more precise and reliable measuring method. Hence, the decision to elaborate an application based on modern methods (raster and vector graphics) that could ensure precision and repeatability of UMC measurements, putting special emphasis on qualitative and quantitative parameters.The purpose of our research was to introduce a metric classification of the orbital opening.Orbit is the main structure of the upper craniofacial massif (UMC). It is one of the most complicated areas of the facial part of the cranium. It is an anatomical structure located in the upper frontal part of the face. It takes the shape of an irregular tetrahedronal pyramid or a cone. The bases of both orbits are directed to the front, slightly laterally. The long axis of both orbits converges to the back and over sella turcica [1,2].Classic anthropometric methods used to measure the skull variability are burdened with mistakes resulting from the construction of measuring devices as well as from researcher's experience. AbstractBackground. Orbit is the one of the most complicated areas of the facial part of cranium. The anthropological analysis of the orbits comprises basic measurement characterizing their shape: width and height. Classic anthropometric methods used to measure the skull variability are burdened with mistakes resulting from construction of measuring devices as well as from researcher's experience. Objectives. The purpose of our research was to introduce a metric classification of the orbital opening. Material and Methods. The study was carried out on 184 skulls. In our study we suggest introducing a classification of the orbital opening shape by calculating a functional for the 15 categories of the orbit shape. Shape categories have been arranged following the increasing value of the functionals. Each shape category of the orbital opening, according to the Piasecki's descriptive classification, was assigned a letter from the alphabet. Results. We have observed a greater number of symmetrical skulls in the female group (29.11%) than in the male (23.81%). In both groups the symmetry type AA was the most frequent, it corresponds to the value of functional comprised in the interval from 0 to 1,30. According to the Piasecki's descriptive classification it was the oval elongated type. Conclusions. Our alphanumerical classification based on the value of functional and on the orbit outline assigned to the value is an objective and useful method of the orbital opening shape analysis (Adv Clin Exp Med 2015, 24, 6, 943-950).

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The article presents an analysis of the use of a floating bridge within a large urban conurbation in an emergency situation. The analysis is associated with a failure of the system transferring sewage from left-bank Warsaw to the ‘Czajka’ treatment plant located on the right-bank of the Vistula River. It includes checking the load bearing capacity of a typical floating bridge structure constructed using the PP-64 pontoon system supporting two pipelines transporting sewage across a wide water obstacle.

The article includes the analysis of influence of random distribution of assembly clearance of various sizes on deflections and the load capacity of the folding beam based on fixed supports. This analysis includes seven variants of the random occurrence of individual pins in the interconnections between the two-span folded beam components. Measurement results for these variants were compared with the results obtained for the variant with fixed (medium) assembly clearance. Analyses of deflections and load capacity confirmed the correctness of acceptance of the fixed assembly clearance for the calculation of folding bridge. This issue was undertaken for the first time, which is the originality of this study. Keywords: civil engineering, folding bridges, assembly clearance