The design challenge for an industrial wastewater treatment system is to create a process which is capable of responding to extreme variations in flow and pollutant concentration, while maintaining the effluent within permit limitations. For example, refinery wastewater is contaminated with oil, aromatics, ammonia, phenols, sulfide, and heavy metals. The degree of contamination is related to the refinery complexity, whereas the wastewater volume is related to refinery throughput as well as complexity. Wastewater generation per barrel of crude feed is 6 to 22 gallons. (Rule of Thumb: gallons of wastewater per barrel of crude feed equals six plus 1.5 times the Nelson complexity factor). Petrochemical processes in the refinery will create additional wastewater. Pollutant concentrations undergo large excursions because of unit upsets, changes in refinery crude feed, and irregular maintenance activities. Rainfall and stormwater runoff are the dominant factors in volumetric flow variation. Figure 1 is a comprehensive flow schematic of a refinery

No abstract

The sum and differences of the saturated vapor and liquid densities of 23 hydrocarbons were used to develop the following reduced density relationships for these saturated states:

Information available in the literature on vapor pressures, saturated vapor and liquid densities, and critical constants, for different hydrocarbons, has permitted the calculation of δ, the solubility parameter advanced by Hildebrand, at temperatures up to and including the critical point. For these hydrocarbons, the residual quantity, δ‐δc was found to depend on 1‐TR according to the relationship, where k appears to be a constant within different classes of hydrocarbons. Values of δ calculated with this equation were compared with the corresponding values used to develop it, and produced an average deviation of 0.85% for 153 values considered which represented 17 hydrocarbons.

No abstract