The biochemical properties due to which cerium oxide nanoparticles are able to perform the functions of certain enzymes — oxidoreductases, phosphatases, etc., are actively being investigated. The low toxicity of cerium dioxide nanoparticles ensures the comparative safety of its use for medical purposes, which makes it possible to consider this material as a potential drug for the treatment of a number of diseases, primarily associated with oxidative stress. The number of experimental papers published annually on the study of cerium dioxide nanoparticles has increased more than 100 times over the past 20 years, which indicates an increasing interest in this issue. However, many properties inherent in cerium dioxide nanoparticles still remain insufficiently investigated. The aim of the study was to generalize and analyze the data presented in the PubMed, E-Library, Google Scholar databases on cerium oxide nanoparticles as scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and active nitrogen forms with multi-enzyme mimetic activity, including catalase (Cat), superoxide dismutase (MnSOD₂) and peroxidase activity. These effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles are primarily aimed at modifying oxidative stress, which can significantly improve the treatment of many diseases in the development of which oxidative stress occurs. Taking into account the global burden of liver diseases, this review analyzes experimental studies on the therapeutic effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on acute and chronic liver diseases.