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The effect of sucrose rinses on the salivary microflora and on bacterial sucrose cleaving, i.e., sucrase activity, was studied in 11 dental students with high salivary counts of mutans streptococci (≥10⁵ CFU/ml). The subjects rinsed for 1 min with a 10% (w/v) sucrose solution every 4-h during waking hours on 2 consecutive days. Four paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were collected as follows: one before the rinses and then 12 h and 5 and 8 days after the rinses. Commercial dipslide methods were used to determine viable counts of mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts; mutans streptococci were also enumerated using MSB agar, while blood agar was used to recover the total facultative and anaerobic bacteria. The sucrase activity was determined using both whole (mainly cell-associated) and centrifuged (extracellular) saliva samples. The proportions of facultative bacteria (p = 0.007) and mutans streptococci (p = 0.001) increased as a result of the sucrose rinses. No changes were detected in the number of lactobacilli or yeasts. The sucrose rinses increased both the cell-associated (p = 0.049) and the extracellular (p = 0.011) sucrase activities. The measurement of sucrase activity may be of value in assessing dietary habits and sucrose consumption.

Quantitation of salivary sucrase activity has been proposed as a method for the estimation of the level of sucrose consumption. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the physiologic variability of the sucrase activity and microbial counts in paraffin‐wax‐stimulated saliva of subjects with sound sucrose consumption habits. Variation was analyzed by repeated sampling studies. Intraday variability was investigated by serial analyses of 16 individuals who gave eight samples at 2‐h intervals on a single day. Interday variation was studied by analyzing the morning value of 24 individuals on three consecutive days. Interday variability of salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts was tested using semiquantitative commercial test kits. The diurnal variation of sucrase activity revealed that the activity in the morning was significantly higher than at noon or at later sampling times of the day. Interday variation was considerable in subjects with high sucrase values. The day‐to‐day variability of the salivary microbes was considerable for lactobacilli and relatively small for yeasts. A weak positive correlation ranging from 0.732 to 0.741 was found between high sucrase activity values and salivary lactobacilli. Salivary samples should be collected in the morning to differentiate between subjects with high and low sucrase activities.

Purpose The aim of this paper is to identify promoting and restraining factors of a novel mobile service in the pedestrian safety area. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the case study methodology that focus on analyzing a specific case of mobile safety services in depth. A case study is especially suitable for an emerging case, such as pedestrian safety, where the aim is to identify relevant influencing factors of the particular case and not to generalize the findings. To gather data for case study analysis, several expert interviews were performed. Because they provided a large volume of data, the Service, Technology, Organization, and Finance business model framework was used as a way of structuring the analysis. Findings The main restraining factors are end-user value proposition, battery life, accuracy of GPS positioning and the revenue model. However, the service could improve traffic safety considerably and it should be introduced first locally in places, where many accidents take place. There is a great interest on driver data, which could be the main advantage for this service in the future. Integration to navigation products would complement the service significantly. Originality/value Current traffic safety-related literature covers mainly technical issues, and there are only few papers related to business model issues on that particular service. Observations of the various factors affecting the related evolution at an early phase of the life-cycle support further service design process.

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