Effects of azadirachtin, a triterpenoid extracted from neem seed, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., were similar to those of insect growth regulators against the immature stages of the born fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), and the house fly, Musca domestica L. When an ethanolic extract of ground seed was blended into cow manure, LC50 and LC90's for larval horn flies were 0.096 and 0.133 ppm azadirachtin, respectively. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) had an LC50 for larval horn flies of 0.151 ppm and an LC90 of 0.268 ppm. For larval stable flies, the EC formulation had an LC50 of 7.7 ppm and an LC90 of 18.7 ppm azadirachtin in manure. Against larval house flies, the LC50 and LC90 were 10.5 and 20.2 ppm, respectively. When the EC formulation was administered orally to cattle at a rate of greater than or equal to 0.03 mg azadirachtin per kg of body weight per day or when ground neem seed was given as a daily supplement of greater than or equal to 10 mg seed per kg body weight, horn fly development in the manure was almost completely inhibited. In contrast, ground seed mixed in cattle feed at the rate of 100-400 mg seed per kg of body weight per day caused less than 50% inhibition of stable flies in the manure.

Defining a complete set of cell types within the cortex requires reconciling disparate results achieved through diverging methodologies. To address this correspondence problem, multiple methodologies must be applied to the same cells in multiple single-cell experiments. Here we present an approach in which spatial transcriptomics using multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) on tissue previously interrogated through two-photon optogenetic mapping of synaptic connectivity can resolve the anatomical, transcriptomic, connectomic, electrophysiological, and morphological characteristics of single cells within the mouse cortex. MainThe parable of the Blind Men and the Elephant tells the story of a group of blind men, naïve to the nature of an elephant, presented with such a creature to try to conceptualize while observing only through touch ( Figure 1A, upper). The men are each concerned with a single area and draw a conclusion for the whole based on their limited perspective. As scientists, we are similarly a group of observers each indirectly observing one portion of a large, hidden, and complex problem. The parable's moral is that these challenging concepts may have many facets individually revealed to those with diverging perspectives. To strive towards a comprehensive description, we must be able to synthesize these unique perspectives into a consistent whole.This challenge of differing perspectives leading to seemingly conflicting outcomes is exemplified in attempts to understand the number and features of cell types within the mouse cortex (Fig 1A, lower). Recent studies report self-consistent outcomes based on anatomy 1 , transcriptomics 2,3 , electrophysiology 4 , morphology 4 , long-range 5 and local connectomics 6 , and in vivo recordings 7 . However, these studies markedly disagree on the number of underlying cell types. Even if they did agree on the number of types, how results from one study map to those of another is not obvious. To reconcile this problem of cell type correspondence, single-cells must traverse multiple modalities.Each of these modalities, save transcriptomics, explicitly or implicitly carries spatial information within the specimen at single-cell resolution. Multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) enables a transcriptomic readout with this same single-cell spatial resolution. We have extended the hairpin

A bioabsorbable, injectable microsphere formulation containing ivermectin in poly-(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer (PLA/PGA) was developed to provide long-lasting delivery of the drug for control of livestock pests. A solvent-evaporation technique was used to produce the spherical beads containing approximately 30% ivermectin and ranging in size from 25-250 microns. The pattern of delivery of the drug into the blood stream of Spanish goats was characterized for a 50:50 PLA/PGA, a 90:10 PLA/PGA copolymer formulation, and a PLA monomer formulation. When the 50:50 PLA/PGA formulation was used in cattle at the rate of 2 mg (AI)/kg body weight, 2 peaks of 45-50 ppb of ivermectin in serum were observed. The 1st peak was at approximately 1 wk after injection and the 2nd peak, which was broader than the 1st, occurred at approximately 6-7 wk after injection. Percentage of inhibition of estimated larvae for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), placed on treated cattle was 100% for the first 8 wk after injection and was 75, 57, 46 and 44% for wk 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. The treatment provided 98-100% control of larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), in the manure of treated cattle for 10 wk. The bioassay results against lone star ticks and larval horn flies were in agreement with the serum concentration data. The injectable microsphere formulation of ivermectin should be useful in a variety of other applications ranging from the control of Boophilus spp. ticks in south Texas to heartworms in pets.

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