<p><strong> </strong> <strong>Objective.</strong> To determine the prevalence of dermatological, ear and ophthalmological alterations clinically suspected to be caused by fungi and to analyze their occurrence demographically. <strong>Materials and methods.</strong> We carried out a retrospective study in a clinic in Bogota for small animals. We reviewed the medical histories of patients who requested medical appointments due to dermatological, ear and ophtalmological alterations in 2009 and 2010. <strong>Results.</strong> In the assessed period, the prevalence of dermatological alterations in dogs was of 7.8%, 4.2% of ear alterations and of 3.3% of ophtalmological alterations. The main etiological suspects through clinical diagnosis were: dermatophytes with an incidence of 86.9% among dermatological alterations, <em>Malassezia</em> with an 86.5% of incidence in ear alterations, and <em>Candida</em> with 83.3% of incidence in ophtalmological alterations. Statistical analysis of variables showed no association with symptoms or clinically diagnosed etiological agents, but the categorized evaluation showed associations of races and ages with the etiologies through clinical diagnosis. The diagnosis of fungal etiologies was accomplished in most cases by clinical findings and less frequently by skin scrapings and ear cytology; in none of the cases a mycological culture was done. The feline population showed no dermatological, ear or ophtalmological alterations compatible with a fungal etiology.  <strong>Conclusion.</strong> In canines, the prevalence of dermatological alterations clinically compatible with dermatophytes was of 86.9%; ear alterations associated with <em>Malassezia</em> were of 86.5%; and ophtalmological alterations <em>Candida</em>-suspected were 83.3%. Final diagnoses were accomplished with the help of clinical findings without following standard diagnostic methodologies such as cultivation.</p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong>canines, felines, dermatophytes, <em>Malassezia</em>, <em>Candida</em></p> <p><em> </em></p><br />

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Tritrichomonas foetus in two dairy herds on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. Twenty-one low-volume uterine lavages from cows with a history of reproductive problems in two dairy herds located in the municipality of Sibaté (Cundinamarca) and Ventaquemada (Boyacá) were evaluated. In the first herd, 10 cows were sampled and in the second, 11 cows, based on three inclusion criteria. The uterine lavages were obtained through infusion of physiological saline solution into the uterine body. The samples were centrifuged and seeded in Tritrichomonas basal medium for 10-15 days at 37 ºC. The protozoa were evaluated on the day of sampling and 10 and 15 days after incubation by means of direct viewing under a dark-field microscope. Positive samples were stained with Wright and Lugol to identify the morphological characteristics. This study showed that T. foetus was present in 61.8% of the animals sampled. The determination that T. foetus was present in 61.8% of the samples analyzed is a significant finding given that in the herds evaluated, this agent had not previously been diagnosed.

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<p><strong></strong><strong>Objective</strong>. To present a methodology based on the concept of Kronecker products that facilitates the construction of the variance and covariance matrix for designs with balanced data structure for 2 and 3 ways, and an application ​​in R to facilitate its calculation and application in different areas. <strong>Materials and methods</strong>. We provide a starting point for people interested in using R in the analysis of variance. <strong>Results</strong>. We use an application made ​​in R for a methodology based on Kronecker products through which we build the covariance matrix for working with designs with balanced data structure developed by Moya (2003). We also present an application of the method with real data. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. With this methodology we can accelerate the development and solution of some practical problems. The proposed methodology can be applied to mixed models with fixed or random effects with any number of factors.</p> <p><strong>Key words: </strong>Kronecker products, variance and covariance matrix, balanced designs, linear models, R Gui.</p><br />