The potential of catch per unit effort (CPUE) analysis based on statistics of local fisheries in Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia was evaluated. The fishery statistics system was improved through a cooperative project conducted by the Department of Fisheries and the Mekong River Commission between 1994 and 2000, especially in the seven provinces adjacent to Tonle Sap Lake. However, the fisheries statistics were not effectively utilized for sustainable stock management. After the cooperative project, fish catch data sorted by species or species group were collected at the province level in the seven provinces. Another recent project also revealed the numbers of fishing gears that operated in the seven provinces. The CPUEs of ten species in Kampong Thom Province-including Channa micropeltes and Cirrhinus spp.-could be calculated from 1994 to 2007, because these are caught solely using bamboo fence systems or barrages. CPUE analysis clarified that stocks of high-price fishes such as Ch. micropeltes, Hampala spp., and Pangasius spp. have deteriorated while those of relatively low-price fishes such as Cirrhinus spp., Cirrhinus microlepis, Cyclocheilichthys enoplos, and Channa striata have increased in recent decades.

Household surveys of small-scale fishing were conducted in Svay Ear and Srey Rangit villages in Kompong Thom Province, Cambodia. Data were collected from 104 of 183 households and 105 of 140 households in Svay Ear and Srey Rangit, respectively. In both villages, almost all households conducted rice cultivation and approximately 75% of them also conducted fishing. Three fishing groups: (i) inside lake; (ii) around lake; and (iii) around village were observed in both villages, according to their main fishing grounds. The inside lake group conduct fishing only in Tonle Sap Lake which is located 30 km away from the villages. The around lake group fish in lakes, marshes and flooded forests adjacent to Tonle Sap Lake, which are more than 5 km from the villages. The around village group collects fish from rice fields and ponds located inside the villages and also in some streams, rivers and lakes adjacent to the villages. The distance to the fishing grounds is less than 5 km from the villages. Most fishing groups were the inside and around lake groups, which occupied 76.0 and 65.7% of Svay Ear and Srey Rangit, respectively. These two groups produced 80.6 and 69.7% of the respective village annual total fish catches. These two groups sold a large portion of their fish catches. Although previous reports indicated that small-scale fishing is for subsistence, present results indicated that small-scale fishing was commercially conducted and fishing was important as an income source.

ing gear in tropical and sub-tropical zones, collection of enough statistical data for stock assessment of several target species is difficult compared with temperate zones. Additionally, various stakeholders in fishery resources make it difficult to evaluate the impacts of fisheries on natural resources and peoples' livelihoods. Therefore, it has been suggested that the resource management based on a single benchmark; for example, the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) approach is not applicable or suitable for fisheries man- AbstractVarious researches are usually required for fisheries resources management including stock structure identification of some fisheries target species using genetic methods, stock assessment based on existing statistical data, and impact assessments of the transition of fisheries management on fishers' livelihoods through social studies. However, to conduct all this research is quite difficult due to several constraints in developing countries. Therefore, establishment of a reseach strategy for fisheries management in developing countries based on the minimum requirements is quite important. One series of research focused on clarification of minimum requirement was conducted on inland fisheries in Cambodia. Genetic studies can be used for stock identification, and existing statistical analysis based on stationary fishing gear data, demonstrated the ability to understand stock trends using indicators. Social studies emphasized the importance of the participation of fisheries communities and traders in stock management. Our results demonstrated a model for the research of fisheries management in developing countries as follows: a fisheries community can be initiated and sustained through community-based stationary fishing gear operations with licenses from the government, and scientists can reveal the distribution of fish stock as management targets; consequently, governments can better understand fish stock status based on fisheries data from community fishery groups in a particular area and set applicable regulation for fisheries activities. In conclusion, the collaboration of communities of fishery groups, governments, and scientists is necessary for natural resource management for sustainable use in countries in which the livelihoods of people are deeply embedded in ecosystem services.

Africa is urbanizing. All over Africa, cities with over one million population count up to 50 cities. However, many of the population live in slums. In spite of this situation, urban planning has been almost ineffective. How can we think about the future African cities? This is a research aiming to find a hint in "informal urban planning" of slums. At the first step of the research, with reference to Lusaka, Zambia, this paper provides the basic information about the situation of its urbanization, slums (usually called "compound") and housing policy.

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