This paper uses novel qualitative research methods (phenomenology, ethnography and enactivism) to understand the cognitive processes through which radiologists interpret medical images to arrive at a diagnosis. From this perspective, diagnosis is not simply a matching of findings to retrieved mental images, but more properly an act of embodied or situated cognition, one that involves perception along with the actualization of professional memory and imagination and an expert-level understanding of the involved technology. Image interpretation involves a diverse set of factors, each of which is critical to arriving at the correct diagnostic interpretations, and conversely, may be the source of mis-interpretations and diagnostic error. Interpretation depends on the radiologist’s understanding of the imaging modality that was used, a deep appreciation of anatomy and comprehensive knowledge of relevant diseases and how they manifest in medical imaging. A range of personal and inter-personal factors may also come into play, including understanding the actions, values and goals of the patient, the imaging technicians and the clinicians and other medical professionals involved in the patient’s care. This multi-dimensional perspective provides novel insights regarding the cognitive aspects of diagnostic radiology and a novel framework for understanding how diagnostic errors arise in this process. Some of the findings of this research may have applications for diagnostic praxis in general, that is, beyond radiology diagnostics.
Straipsnyje analizuojami demokratijos sąvokoje glūdintys „prima facie“ nesutaikomi prieštaravimai, interpretuojant I. Kanto ir P. Tillicho moralės ir religijos filosofijos idėjas. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas autonomijos reikalavimui. Kanto kategorinio imperatyvo formuluotės nepritaria demokratijai, nes ši tapatina individualią valią su kolektyvine. Parodoma, kad autonomijos ir paklusimo antinomija neišsprendžiama Apšvietos ir Romantizmo kontroversijos įtampoje. Moderni sekuliari demokratijos teorija, paremta optimistine antropologija, nuolat švytavo tarp individualizmo ir kolektyvizmo kraštutinumų. Tillicho atsakymas yra teonomija – religingumo ir racionalaus kriticizmo sintezė. Tačiau tai, kad emokratijos idėjai nuolat akomponuoja kita antikinė mikrokosmo ir makrokosmoso idėja, leidžia tikėtis prieštaringų rezultatų – konformistinio pritarimo horizontaliam progresui arba teonominio mąstymo kaip heteronomijos ir autonomijos sintezės, kuri leistų naujai pažvelgti į sekuliarios ir sakralios sferos sambūvį šiuolaikinėje kultūroje.
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