The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the relationships and variations among leadership, team trust and team performance in the service and manufacturing industries. The results of using structural equation modeling to conduct hypotheses testing show that leadership has a positive effect on team trust and team performance, and that team trust also has a positive effect on team performance. By using MANOVA analysis to test for significant variances in leadership, team trust and team performance in the service and manufacturing industries, a significant variance was discovered in the testing of instructed leadership, relational trust and institutional trust in both industries.

Purpose -This research aims to treat voluntary simplicity lifestyle (VSL) as general lifestyle and explore the correlation between VSL and selection preference of special interest tourism (SIT). Design/methodology/approach -This research adopts a questionnaire survey. The content of the questionnaire include questions on participants' demographic variables, VSL, and selection preference of SIT. After designing the questionnaire of selection preference of SIT, this research treats the tourists in the Taiwan Guandu bird-watching area as the targets and distributes the questionnaires. This research adopts systematic sampling for questionnaire distribution. Findings -The following results are found: a positive correlation between selection preference of SIT and VSL; females are mostly allocated as the recreation and entertainment type people preferring SIT, the educational level of diverse interest type people preferring SIT tend to be higher, and these people have a more significant VSL; people who are the low degree of identification type with voluntary simplicity reveal almost the least scores in terms of all kinds of traveling preference, whereas complete involvement type individuals show a higher degree of preference. Research limitations/implications -This questionnaire is not exclusive. In other words, the respondents can provide extremely high, medium, or low scores for the preference for any kind of trips. Thus, the respondents' real preference sequence cannot be distinguished. Future studies can modify this questionnaire. The questionnaire of selection preference of SIT designed by this research mainly followed the SIT itineraries promoted on traveling websites and upon certain processes. Thus, this questionnaire content is based on the view of the supply end. Originality/value -This research follows the suggestions of McKercher and Chan, and after internet searching, the method imitates content analysis to establish a questionnaire with 18 questions with respect to the selection preference of SIT. Through factor analysis, the researchers select four kinds of selection preference of SIT, including traveling preference of recreation and entertainment, natural ecology, physical exploration, and history and art. In addition, this research also uses confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the convergent validity of the VSL questionnaire developed by the authors (2005).

PurposeThe paper research objectives are: to investigate into the classification of special interest tour preferences in terms of their types and to compare whether consumers with different demographic attributes result in discrepancies in special interest tour preferences.Design/methodology/approachThose collected questionnaires that had incomplete answers and that had a significant response tendency or were left blank with no answers were eliminated. The required statistical methods are explained thus: this study conducts analysis on special interest tour preferences by factor analysis to distinguish between the categories of special interest tour preferences; this study adopts correlation analysis to examine the ratio scale of the study's demographic variables, including age and education level; this study adopts one‐way ANOVA to examine the variables of categorical or nominal scale, such as gender, marital status, and occupation.FindingsAfter collecting the questionnaire data, factor analysis is used to conduct classification of the types and a total of four types emerged: recreation type, nature/ecology type, physical adventure type, historical/artistic activity type. Furthermore, in the verification of the demographic variables of each type preferences: age and nature‐eco type preferences constitute a significant positive correlation, and age has also formed a significant negative correlation with physical adventure type; gender differences result in a significant difference in recreation type preferences and a significant difference in physical adventure type preferences; marital status has a significant variation regarding physical adventure preferences.Practical implicationsSpecial interest tours are gradually on the rise and the previous literature is still lacking a systematic method for investigative analysis. Accordingly, conducting a systematic categorization of special interest tour preferences and to examining the background of the consumers of each type of special interest tour preference is essential.Originality/valueThe necessity for special interest tours to conform to consumer interests, and the existence of special interests, require that those in the travel industry conduct market segmentation, prior to designing travel itineraries, so as to have an understanding of the target market. Furthermore, the types of special interest tour preference this study provides can offer the basis for discussion of relevant issues for those travel business industry operators in the industry and future researchers.

This study used qualitative methods to collect interview data from six technology companies and applied content analysis to interpret the data. The purpose was to describe the decision-making model in the outsourcing of public relations (PR) by technology corporations to PR agencies. Results indicated that during the process of outsourcing PR, complicated relationships existed among various concepts, and the relationships were more complex than linear relationships. Within the organization, the developmental stage of its PR, the target characteristics of its PR, accumulation of individual and organizational PR abilities, and its characteristics of performance evaluation all significantly influenced the planning, execution, assessment, and development of PR abilities. Factors external to the organization, such as different environmental demands and the characteristics of PR agencies, affected the viewpoints, selection criteria, and decision-making processes of organizations with regard to outsourcing PR. The individual abilities of organizational staff, accumulation of PR ability, and outsourcing characteristics were all important concepts that determined whether technology companies outsourced their PR management. Due to diversified environmental demands, conflicts may arise from the various demands placed on the organization.