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We have grown BiFeO(3) bulk single crystals by a flux method and characterized the phonon spectra in detail by Raman scattering in the temperature range 4-1100 K. All the 13 Raman-active phonon modes predicted by group theory, 4A(1)+9E, were observed at low temperature and successfully assigned by a polarized Raman measurement. Moreover, drastic spectral changes in the Raman spectra were observed at temperatures 600-700 K and 1000-1100 K. These features are discussed from the viewpoint of phonon coupling with the magnetic ordering and the structural phase transition, respectively.

Sparkle contrast strongly depends on the measurement conditions, such as Working Distance (WD), F# setting of lens, filtering method of removing the display pixel components, etc. However, there is no established understanding how and why the sparkle contrast depends on the measurement conditions. We have succeeded to explain the dependence clearly from the view point of spatial frequency range limited by Aperture Angle (AA), camera sampling property, filtering property, and the angular distribution of the AG scattering property. We also showed the ranking of sparkle contrast could be inversed in some conditions, and we found that AA should be set to 0.35 degree or less to evaluate the sparkle level which we observed by human-eye .

The deformation of polyethylene terephthalate) was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction and small-angle light scattering techniques. The results showed that the deformation mechanism depends on the crystallinity of the specimen in the undeformed state. When a specimen with about 43% crystallinity was stretched, the crystallite orientation and the superstructural deformation were similar to those of a typical crystalline polymer such as polyethylene. That is, the crystal fiber axes were found to orient predominantly in the direction of stretching as assessed in terms of the second-order orientation factor, while the deformation of the superstructure was well accounted for by an affine deformation mode as shown by the good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results of Hv scattering patterns. On the other hand, when an amorphous specimen with about 3% crystallinity was stretched, the scattering showed a broad four-leaf lobe pattern at small azimuthal angles and a sharp narrow four-leaf streak pattern at large azimuthal angles. This behavior was analyzed by assuming the existence of a row-nucleated sheaflike structure whose rows are preferentially oriented at a particular angle with respect to the stretching direction. In this analysis, the //-function proposed by Hoseman was used as a probability of finding the nearest-neighbor particle at a displacement vector. The calculated pattern was rather close to the observed one. This agreement implies that the row-nucleated sheaflike texture arises with lamellar overgrowth where the rows are preferentially oriented at a particular angle with respect to the stretching direction.

We present the kinetics of seven element profiles, macroscopic elements, Na, Mg, CI, K and Ca, as well as AI and Br, in every tissue of morningglory (Ipomoea nil L. c.v. Murasaki), from seedling to flowering stage. Barriers for the elements were formed even in the same tissue during different growing phases. Most of Na and Al remained in root tissue, showing the first barrier to the upper part of the plant. During the juvenile phase, the tissues lower than cotyledon stored the elements, especially Ca and Mg. The barrier at cotyledon did not disappear completely until seed ripening stage, except for K. Generally, late developing stem showed lower accumulation of the elements, which seemed to regulate the inflow of Mg, Ca, CI and Br into flowering tissue. The concentrations of K, Ca, CI and Br in leaf were kept constant in spite of twice or three times higher concentration of these elements in leaf petiole. After flowering, selective element accumulation was observed during seed development, where most of the elements were accumulated into seed wall, not in seed. Higher concentration of the elements in elder leaf, which fails into ground and will be reused as plant nutrient, might reflect the recycling system of the elements in plants.