Electrocarboxylation of organic compounds with CO2, using electrons as clean reductants under ambient conditions, is a readily available and efficient method to transform organic molecules to high‐value carboxylates with nearly 100% atom efficiency. However, the selectivity of the electrochemical reactions is still limited, the real reactive sites for electrocarboxylation; the relationship between the geometrical/electronic structure and the catalytic performance is unclear. Meanwhile, the development of nanomaterials brings new prospects and orientation for the electrocarboxylation due to the desired high surface area and abundant active sites. In this review, we focus on the summary of recent work on the design of nanostructured electrocatalysts and the reaction mechanisms of electrocarboxylation. Mainly, we highlight the influence of different electrocatalyst structures on a variety of organic molecule adsorption. Finally, some challenges were proposed to explore advanced electrocatalysts and the deeper reactive mechanism for electrocarboxylation.

No abstract

In order to solve the problems of traditional seeders, such as low seeding efficiency, tangled straw, a large amount of clay, easy ridge breakage in sowing operations, low qualified rate of high-speed seeding, and poor uniformity, this paper takes the pneumatic corn planter as the research object, the Beidou automatic driving unit as the carrier, the CAN (Controller Area Network) bus as the communication medium, and the double closed-loop fuzzy PID (proportion-integral-derivative) algorithm as the control core and designs a high-speed precision corn seeding control system based on Beidou navigation. It solves the problems that exist in traditional planters. In the bench experiment, the stability of the system is judged by comparing the motor control accuracy with ordinary PID and measuring the motor response time of the system at different speeds. The bench test results show that when the theoretical seeding speed is 0~34 r · min−1, the response time of the motor is shortened by 0.51 s compared with the ordinary PID control, and the error between the actual speed and the target value is less than 0.35%. The field experiment results show that when the unit runs for 5~13 km · h−1, the qualified rate of average planting spacing is greater than 95.81%, the reseeding rate is less than 10.11%, and the coefficient of variation is less than 16.72%, which complies with the standard of a corn sowing operation.

No abstract

Background Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty(UPPP) is the most prevalent surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, but postoperative pharyngeal pain may affect patient comfort. The enhanced recovery after surgery pathway has been proved beneficial to many types of surgery but not to UPPP yet. The aim of this pilot study was to preliminarily standrize an enhanced recovery after surgery protocol for UPPP, to assess whether it has positive effects on reducing postoperative pharyngeal pain and improving patient comfort, and to test its feasibility for an international multicentre study. Methods This randomised controlled study analysed 116 patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) who were undergoing UPPP in a single tertiary care hospital. They were randomly divided according to treatment: the ERAS group (those who received ERAS treatment) and the control group (those who received traditional treatment). Ninety-five patients completed the assessment (ERAS group, 59 patients; control group, 36 patients). Pharyngeal pain and patient comfort were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 30 min and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after UPPP. Complications, hospitalisation duration, and hospital cost were recorded. Results The VAS scores for resting pain and swallowing pain were significantly lower in the ERAS group than those in the control group at 30 min and at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery. Patient comfort was improved in the ERAS group. The hospitalisation duration and cost were comparable between the groups. The incidence of complications showed an increasing trend in the ERAS group. Conclusion The ERAS protocol significantly relieved pharyngeal pain after UPPP and improved comfort in patients with OSA, which showed the prospect for an larger study. Meanwhile a potential increase of post-operative complications in the ERAS group should be noticed. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (23/09/2018, ChiCTR1800018537)