DynamisFecha de recepción: 7 de agosto de 2012
RESUMEN:En junio de 1983, varios periódicos españoles anunciaron el descubrimiento de un fragmento de cráneo del género Homo, aparecido en Orce, Granada, que parecía revolucionar el panorama científico del momento. Un año más tarde, el mismo fósil fue atribuido a un asno, directamente en el periódico El País. Estalló una gran polémica: el famoso «Hombre de Orce» se transformó en el «Burro de Orce», los descubridores fueron criticados por su precipitación y los científicos se enfrentaron en los medios de comunicación. Mediante un estudio exhaustivo del tratamiento del caso en prensa diaria española, este artículo muestra, en primer lugar, el desarrollo de la controversia y la relación con el contexto histórico que vivía la paleontología y la paleoantropología en Cataluña y España. En segundo lugar, este trabajo también busca entender las razones por las que, en el caso del Hombre de Orce, el consenso entre cientí-ficos enfrentados es imposible de alcanzar. Finalmente, el análisis del papel de la prensa en la controversia permite profundizar en la comprensión de la forma en que los medios de comunicación intervienen en los procesos de generación, validación y establecimiento del conocimiento científico.
From 1957 to 1973, Barcelona Zoo was transformed from a small-scale, antiquated establishment harboring very few animals, a place that was still in a poor condition following the Spanish Civil War, into a new, larger, modern, and internationally recognized institution that included up-to-date animal enclosures and that boasted one of the first dolphinariums in Europe, as well as a famous white gorilla as its icon. From its very beginning, this renovation involved an intense popularization campaign. In this paper, by describing the public discourse generated throughout this transformation and by analyzing the roles played by Antoni Jonch, the director of the zoo at that time; Josep Maria de Porcioles, the then-mayor of Barcelona; and General Francisco Franco, the Spanish dictator who was head of state during this period, I will highlight how the context of the dictatorship not only authorized the new Barcelona Zoo but is, in fact, crucial to its understanding. The narratives that surrounded the renovation of the zoo focused on its civic and educational purpose, with a firm emphasis on modernity. The zoo was a modern space for learning about animals in order to become better people. These narratives were not only suitable to the policies, ideas, and aims of Porcioles’ City Council and Franco’s dictatorial regime; in fact, they completely matched them. Both local and national governments benefited from the restructuring of Barcelona Zoo and from its public discourse as a tool for social control and an instrument for their own propaganda, legitimation, and perpetuation.
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