Objective: Posttraumatic growth (PTG) has been documented in the aftermath of a range of traumatic events, including bereavement, physical assault, and rape. However, only a handful of studies have examined whether levels of total PTG, as well as the 5 domains of PTG (Appreciation of Life, New Possibilities, Relating to Others, Personal Strength, and Spiritual Change), vary by the type of potentially traumatic event. The current study examined variation in total PTG and PTG domains, as well as posttraumatic stress (PTS), by event type using data from a large epidemiological study. Method: Participants were from a substudy of the Nurses’ Health Study 2, an epidemiologic study of female nurses in the United States (N = 1,574). Results: Controlling for demographic covariates, we found that rape was consistently associated with lower PTG, both total PTG and all five PTG domains, relative to other event types. Other findings were limited to specific PTG domains; for example, intimate partner violence (IPV) was associated with higher Personal Strength and New Possibilities. In contrast, rape and IPV were associated with higher PTS, and the serious illness or injury of someone close with lower PTS, relative to other event types. Conclusion: These results add to the growing literature exploring variation in PTG by event type and suggest that different events could yield markedly different patterns of PTG domains and PTS.

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Oocyte cryopreservation (i.e., egg freezing) is one of the newest forms of assisted reproduction and is increasingly being used primarily by two groups of women: (1) young cancer patients at risk of losing their fertility through cytotoxic chemotherapy (i.e., medical egg freezing); and (2) single professionals in their late 30s who are facing age‐related fertility decline in the absence of reproductive partners (i.e., elective egg freezing). Based on a binational ethnographic study, this article examines the significance of egg freezing among Jewish women in Israel and the United States. As they face the Jewish maternal imperative, these women are turning to egg freezing to relieve both medical and marital uncertainties. In both secular and religious Jewish contexts, egg freezing is now becoming naturalized as acceptable and desirable precisely because it cryopreserves Jewish motherhood, keeping reproductive options open for Jewish women, and serving as a protective self‐preservation technology within their pronatalist social environments.

Background and Objective: Little research exists which investigates the contextual factors and hidden influences that inform surgeons and surgical teams decisionmaking in preoperative assessment when deciding whether to or not to operate on older adult prostate cancer patients living with aging-associated functional declines and illnesses. The aim of this study is to identify and examine the underlying mechanisms that uniquely shape preoperative surgical decision-making strategies concerning older adult prostate cancer patients.Methods: Qualitative methodologies were used that paired ethnographic field observations with semistructured interviews for data collection. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to identify, analyze, and describe patterns in the data.Results: Factors underlining surgical decision-making originated from the context of two categories: (1) clinical and surgery-specific factors; and (2) non-patient factors.Thematic subcategories included personal experiences, methods of assessment during medical encounters, anticipation of outcomes, perceptions of preoperative assessment instruments for frailty and multimorbidity, routines and workflow patterns, microcultures, and indirect observation and second-hand knowledge.Conclusion: Surgeon's personal experiences has a significant impact on the decisionmaking processes during preoperative assessments. However, non-patient factors such as institutional microcultures passively and actively influence decision-making process during preoperative assessment. K E Y W O R D S frailty, medical decision-making, multimorbidity, older adults, preoperative assessment, prostate cancer, surgical assessment 1 | INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer diagnosed among men in the United States. 1 It is projected that there will be 164 690 new cases and 29 430 deaths in 2018 as a result of the disease, 2and older men represent the majority of prostate cancer diagnoses and mortalities. 3 In general, radical prostatectomy is considered one of the primary treatments available with curative intent for men diagnosed with clinically localized prostate cancer and a life expectancy of more than 10 years. 4-8 Given that older adults (defined herein as age 65 years or more 9,10 ) account for a significant ratio of the patient population, special attention and consideration must be given by surgeons and surgical teams during the stages of preoperative assessment when deciding whether or not to operate.However, the decision to operate in older adults is a complex task since the rate of adverse postoperative outcomes increases How to cite this article: Kierkegaard P, Vale MD, Garrison S, Hollenbeck BK, Hollingsworth JM, Owen-Smith J.Mechanisms of decision-making in preoperative assessment for older adult prostate cancer patients-A qualitative study.

Classical medical sociological theory argues patients trust doctors in part because they are professionals. Yet in the past half-century, medicine has seen a crisis of trust as well as fundamental changes to the nature of professionalism. To probe the relationship between professionalism and trust today, we analyzed interviews with 50 psychiatric patients receiving care in diverse clinical settings. We found patients experience trust when they perceive clinicians transcending the formal bounds of professionalism. Patients find clinicians to be trustworthy when clinicians pursue connections to their patients beyond organizational strictures, cross boundaries of professional jurisdiction to provide holistic care, and embrace the limits of their professional knowledge. This dynamic of trust in professionals who transcend the profession highlights novel dimensions of contemporary professionalism, and it makes sense of a seeming contradiction in which patients have high trust in individual clinicians but low trust in institutions.