Summary Purpose: To investigate the cerebral metabolic differences between patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) and normal controls and to evaluate to what extent these metabolic alterations reflect involvement of an epileptic network. Methods: Sixty patients with JME were submitted to multi‐voxel proton spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) at 1.5 T over medial prefrontal cortex (MPC), primary motor cortex (PMC), thalamus, striatum, posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG), and insular, parietal, and occipital cortices. We determined ratios for integral values of N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA) and glutamate‐glutamine (GLX) over creatine‐phosphocreatine (Cr). The control group (CTL) consisted of 30 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers. Results: The NAA/Cr ratio, a measure of neuronal injury, was reduced in PMC, MPC, and thalamus among patients. In addition, they had an altered GLX/Cr ratio, which is involved in excitatory activity, on PMC, MPC, and PCG, where it was reduced, whereas it was increased on insula and striatum. Multiple regression analysis revealed the strongest correlation between thalamus and MPC, but the thalamus was also correlated with insula, occipital cortex, and striatum among patients. Lower NAA/Cr was observed with advancing age and duration of epilepsy, regardless of frequency of seizures and antiepileptic drug therapy in thalamus and frontal cortex. Discussion: The identification of a specific network of neurochemical dysfunction in patients with JME, with diverse involvement of particular structures within the thalamocortical circuitry, suggests that cortical hyperexcitability in JME is not necessarily diffuse, supporting the knowledge that the focal/generalized distinction of epileptogenesis should be reconsidered. Furthermore, evidence is provided toward progressive neuronal dysfunction in JME.
SUMMARYPurpose: Personality traits characterized by emotional instability and immaturity, unsteadiness, lack of discipline, hedonism, frequent and rapid mood changes, and indifference toward one's disease have been associated with patients who have juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). Literature data demonstrate worse seizure control and more psychosocial dysfunctions among patients with JME who have those traits. In this controlled study we performed a correlation analysis of psychiatric scores with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) values across JME patients, aiming to verify the existence of a possible relation between frontal lobe dysfunction and the prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in JME. Methods: Sixteen JME patients with cluster B PDs, 41 JME patients without any psychiatric disorder, and 30 healthy controls were submitted to a psychiatric evaluation and to a quantitative multivoxel MRS of thalamus; insula; cingulate gyrus; striatum; and frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Groups were homogeneous according to age, gender, and manual dominance. Psychiatric evaluation was performed through the Scheduled Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Axis I and II (SCID I and II, respectively). Results: A significant reduction of N-acetyl-aspartate over creatinine (NAA/Cr) ratio was observed mainly in the left frontal lobe in the JME and PD group. In addition, a significant increase in the glutamate-glutamine over creatinine GLX/Cr ratio was also observed in this referred region in the same group. Discussion: These data support the hypothesis that PDs in JME could represent neuronal dysfunction and possibly a more severe form of this epileptic syndrome.
resumo objetivos: Comparar a percepção da depressão, incluindo a percepção dos sintomas e dos tratamentos considerados apropriados, pelos membros de três grupos étnicos (descendentes de açorianos, italianos e alemães residentes em Santa Catarina, Estado da Região Sul do Brasil), assim como a expressão de depressão por meio do Inventário Beck de Depressão nestes grupos. metódo: Em um estudo transversal, com uma parte quantitativa e uma qualitativa, foram avaliados 60 indivíduos, sendo 20 de cada uma das comunidades étnicas escolhidas: açoriana, italiana e alemã. Realizou-se uma entrevista semi-aberta, tendo como questões orientadoras: Para você, o que é depressão?; O que pessoas deprimidas devem fazer?; e Qual atividade de lazer você mais gosta de fazer? Depois, foi aplicado o Inventário Beck de Depressão (BDI). Os escores do BDI (subescalas: cognitiva-afetiva e somática) foram comparados entre os diferentes grupos por meio do método ANOVA. No estudo qualitativo, verificaram-se as percepções compartilhadas no discurso dos indivíduos de cada grupo, quanto à depressão e seu tratamento. resultados: Os principais sintomas relatados por descendência foram: irritabilidade (açorianos), autopunição (italianos) e falta de energia (alemães). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto à freqüên cia de sintomas cognitivos e somáticos nas diferentes comunidades. O padrão de percepção da depressão caracterizou-se nos descendentes de açorianos por isolamento ("... a gente não quer ver ninguém"). Nos italianos, a depressão esteve relacionada a afastamento da família ("Depressão é vontade até de deixar o filho, o marido"), sendo esta vista como a responsável por ajudar na melhora. Já entre os alemães, a depressão esteve relacionada à dificuldade no trabalho ("Depressão é... não ter mais vontade de trabalhar") e este foi relatado como a solução. Conclusão: De acordo com o grupo étnico, a expressão, a percepção e a busca de tratamento para a depressão relacionou-se: à comunidade (açoriana), à família (italiana) e ao trabalho (alemã).
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