A combination of central and peripheral mechanisms modulates food intake and energy consumption to maintain metabolism and body composition in mammals. Diseases characterized by impaired energy balance, such as obesity, rank among the most immediate health threats in industrialized countries, creating an urgent need to generate new pharmacologic treatment options (1, 2). The discovery of leptin has triggered intensified research efforts in the field of energy homeostasis, leading to a better understanding of a complex network of central and peripheral factors that influence both appetite and energy expenditure (3).The discovery of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptro type 2 (CB2), provided a molecular basis for investigating the effects The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and its endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, are involved in the regulation of food intake. Here we show that the lack of CB1 in mice with a disrupted CB1 gene causes hypophagia and leanness. As compared with WT (CB1 +/+ ) littermates, mice lacking CB1 (CB1 -/-) exhibited reduced spontaneous caloric intake and, as a consequence of reduced total fat mass, decreased body weight. In young CB1 -/-mice, the lean phenotype is predominantly caused by decreased caloric intake, whereas in adult CB1 -/-mice, metabolic factors appear to contribute to the lean phenotype. No significant differences between genotypes were detected regarding locomotor activity, body temperature, or energy expenditure. Hypothalamic CB1 mRNA was found to be coexpressed with neuropeptides known to modulate food intake, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and prepro-orexin, indicating a possible role for endocannabinoid receptors within central networks governing appetite. CB1 -/-mice showed significantly increased CRH mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced CART mRNA levels in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic areas. CB1 was also detected in epidydimal mouse adipocytes, and CB1-specific activation enhanced lipogenesis in primary adipocyte cultures. Our results indicate that the cannabinoid system is an essential endogenous regulator of energy homeostasis via central orexigenic as well as peripheral lipogenic mechanisms and might therefore represent a promising target to treat diseases characterized by impaired energy balance.

A combination of central and peripheral mechanisms modulates food intake and energy consumption to maintain metabolism and body composition in mammals. Diseases characterized by impaired energy balance, such as obesity, rank among the most immediate health threats in industrialized countries, creating an urgent need to generate new pharmacologic treatment options (1, 2). The discovery of leptin has triggered intensified research efforts in the field of energy homeostasis, leading to a better understanding of a complex network of central and peripheral factors that influence both appetite and energy expenditure (3).The discovery of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptro type 2 (CB2), provided a molecular basis for investigating the effects The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) and its endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, are involved in the regulation of food intake. Here we show that the lack of CB1 in mice with a disrupted CB1 gene causes hypophagia and leanness. As compared with WT (CB1 +/+ ) littermates, mice lacking CB1 (CB1 -/-) exhibited reduced spontaneous caloric intake and, as a consequence of reduced total fat mass, decreased body weight. In young CB1 -/-mice, the lean phenotype is predominantly caused by decreased caloric intake, whereas in adult CB1 -/-mice, metabolic factors appear to contribute to the lean phenotype. No significant differences between genotypes were detected regarding locomotor activity, body temperature, or energy expenditure. Hypothalamic CB1 mRNA was found to be coexpressed with neuropeptides known to modulate food intake, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and prepro-orexin, indicating a possible role for endocannabinoid receptors within central networks governing appetite. CB1 -/-mice showed significantly increased CRH mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus and reduced CART mRNA levels in the dorsomedial and lateral hypothalamic areas. CB1 was also detected in epidydimal mouse adipocytes, and CB1-specific activation enhanced lipogenesis in primary adipocyte cultures. Our results indicate that the cannabinoid system is an essential endogenous regulator of energy homeostasis via central orexigenic as well as peripheral lipogenic mechanisms and might therefore represent a promising target to treat diseases characterized by impaired energy balance.

Our results suggest that thrombi with a high WBC fraction are related to more organized thrombi of cardioembolic origin associated with less favorable recanalization and clinical outcome in acute ischemic anterior circulation stroke. WBC-mediated immunological and coagulatory processes may play a key role in thrombus formation and pathogenesis of stroke warranting further investigation.

Imbalances in the corticosteroid milieu result in reductions in hippocampal volume in humans and experimental rodents. The functional correlates of these changes include deficits in cognitive performance and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Since other limbic structures which are intricately connected with the hippocampal formation, also play an important role in behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, we here used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyse how two of these areas, the anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, respond to chronic alterations of adrenocortical status: hypocortisolism (induced by adrenalectomy, ADX), normocortisolism (ADX with low-dose corticosterone replacement), and hypercortisolism (ADX with high-dose dexamethasone supplementation). Hypercortisolism was associated with a significant reduction in the volume (absolute and normalized) of the left anterior cingulate gyrus as measured by MRI and confirmed using classical histological methods; a similar trend was observed in the right anterior cingulate region. In contrast, hypercortisolism did not influence the volume of the adjacent retrosplenial cortex. The volumes of the anterior cingulate gyrus and retrosplenial cortex were unaffected by the absence of adrenocortical hormones. These findings are the first to suggest that corticosteroid influences on the structure of the limbic system extend beyond the hippocampal formation, i.e., to fronto-limbic areas also.

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