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We propose a multi-level explanatory model aimed at explaining the variability behind participation in adult learning. Our model focuses on the employed adults, narrowing down to vulnerable subgroups of employed: low-skilled; young and low-skilled, and immigrants. Adult learning participation is explained identifying determinants at the level of the individual, household, job, employer as well as the system-level. The model is estimated using the European Union Labour Force Survey microdata for 28 European countries. Comparing the results across the vulnerable groups and types of determinants yields interesting insight in understanding the variability in adult learning participation across Europe.

Background: The target values of blood pressure have not been achieved in our population of patients suffi ciently. The most diffi cult is a control of patients with resistant hypertension. We do not have data about effi ciency treatment of these patients today.Objectives: The aim of our study was to assess current treatment status and by antihypertensive treatment modifi cation we tried to reach an adequate blood pressure control. Methods: Fifty two patients suffering from resistant hypertension 2-3 degree ESC/ESH with high cardiovascular risk have been observed. Reaching of the target blood pressure values was verifi ed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Results:The target blood pressure values were achieved in 50 % of patients during 18 months. We noticed a statistically signifi cant difference (p<0.001) in a decrease of casual and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in the group of controlled hypertensive patients in comparison with a group where blood pressure did not decrease suffi ciently. In case of 50 % patients, the target blood pressure values have not been reached in spite of more antihypertensive drugs and a higher dose. Conclusion: Adequately and systematically controlled patients were treated less intensively in comparison with an inadequately controlled group. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring analysis confi rmed correction of the patological diurnal rhythm mostly in adequate blood pressure controlled group. In this group, we have noticed a statistically signifi cant decrease of blood urea and creatinin levels and albumin/creatinin ratio in urine. Resistant hypertension needs multi-faceted approach with consistent control of all comorbidities in a case of problematic blood pressure control (Tab. 6, Fig. 1, Ref. 21). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Fontao MJ, Mojón A, Fernández JR.Chronotherapy with valsartan/amlodipine fi xed combination: improved blood pressure control of essential hypertension with bedtime dosing. Chronobiol Int 2010; 27 (6): 1287-1303. Hermida RC, Ayala DE, Mojón A, Fontao MJ, Fernández JR.Chronotherapy with valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination in essential hypertension: improved sleep-time blood pressure control with bedtime dosing. Chronobiol Int 2011; 28 (7): 601-610.

This article provides evidence about differences in the recent tertiary education expansion in Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia. Focusing on these differences, we have examined private returns to tertiary education acquired before and after the tertiary education expansion. We compare these returns as follows: Austria with Germany and then the Czech Republic with Poland and Slovakia. Estimating private returns to education by applying the Mincerian (Mincer, 1974) approach on European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions micro data (EU-SILC, n.d.), we show the differences that arise concerning the evaluation of tertiary education in the labour markets of these countries. While in Austria and Germany a more recent tertiary education is related to higher private returns, this is not the case in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia where a declining trend towards private returns in more recent tertiary education is observable. Keywords Private returns to education, tertiary education expansionIncreasing access to tertiary education (TE) is a common pattern observable across all developed countries and is often referred to as the 'TE expansion'. It is approved and supported by national governments. In the European Union this policy has also been promoted on the supranational level, with a clearly articulated target of at least 40% of 30 to 34-year-olds having been in TE by 2020. This is one of the main goals of the Europe 2020 Strategy (European Commision, 2012). Although individual member states are allowed to set up their own quantification of their TE policy targets, a contribution as far as the achievement of common goals is concerned is required from each of