Hate speech should be tackled and prosecuted based on how it is operationalized. However, the existing theoretical definitions of hate speech are not sufficiently fleshed out or easily operable. To overcome this inadequacy, and with the help of interdisciplinary experts, we propose an empirical definition of hate speech by providing a list of 10 hate speech indicators and the rationale behind them (the indicators refer to specific, observable, and measurable characteristics that offer a practical definition of hate speech). A preliminary exploratory examination of the structure of hate speech, with the focus on comments related to migrants (one of the most reported grounds of hate speech), revealed that two indicators in particular, denial of human rights and promoting violent behavior, occupy a central role in the network of indicators. Furthermore, we discuss the practical implications of the proposed hate speech indicators—especially (semi-)automatic detection using the latest natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) methods. Having a set of quantifiable indicators could benefit researchers, human right activists, educators, analysts, and regulators by providing them with a pragmatic approach to hate speech assessment and detection.

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Objective Cancer survivors' satisfaction with life should be seen through the psychological factors related to a person's capabilities to face and handle the situation. This study aimed to (1) examine the relationships of satisfaction with life, posttraumatic growth, resilience and coping strategies in a global network model, (2) find the bridge indicators between satisfaction with life and the other constructs, and (3) test for the invariance of the network structures across several moderating variables. Methods In a heterogeneous sample of 696 cancer survivors (69% female; mean age = 53.1 ± 15.44 years; median time from being diagnosed = 4 years; breast cancer was the most frequent type of cancer) their satisfaction with life, resilience, coping strategies and posttraumatic growth was measured. In order to account for their complexity, the relationships between the constructs were explored using a network analysis approach. Results The network analysis shows that satisfaction with life is strongly connected to resilience, moderately connected to coping strategies, and has a weak connection with posttraumatic growth. In the separate networks, the relationships between the psychological constructs were examined in greater detail. Besides some exceptions observed in the degree of disability, the networks were invariant across gender, age, years since being diagnosed, cancer type and treatment type. Conclusion The findings suggest that interventions focused on cancer survivors' coping strategies and resilience could help increase their satisfaction with life. However, further replication of the proposed and/or modified model is needed.

"Given its significant negative consequences for university students, procrastination has been studied extensively and shown to be associated with conscientiousness as a personality trait. Involving 333 university students doing teacher training programmes (68.5% female; Mage=20.51 (SD=1.61); 83.48% undergraduates doing a bachelor’s degree), our study aimed to explore the association between procrastination among more/less conscientious students and selected self-concept variables (self-control, self-efficacy, etc.). Our questionnaire was based on the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (Gosling, Rentfrow, Swann, 2003), the Self-Control Scale (Finkenauer, Engels, Baumeister, 2005), the Self-efficacy Scale (Ko?š, Hefteyova, Schwarzer, Jerusalem, 1993), and the Procrastination Scale for Student Populations (Gabrhelík, 2008); our control variables were gender and well- being (Subjective Well-Being Scale, Chan-Hoong, Soon, 2011). The sample was divided into two groups – (1) less conscientious and (2) more conscientious) – using the method of visual binning in SPSS 20. A t-test for independent samples and linear regression were used for data analysis. The less conscientious students in our sample reported a higher level of procrastination (t=6.479; df=310; p?0.001; Cohen's d=0.681). A linear model was conducted for both groups (the dependent variable being the level of procrastination, the independent variables being gender and the levels of self-control, self-efficacy, and well-being). Both models were significant ((1) F=8.449; p?0.001; R2=32.6; (2) F= 7.277; p?0.001; R2=25.7). Among the less conscientious students, the levels of self-control (?=-0.546; t=-5.262; p?0.001) and self-efficacy (?=-0.238; t=-2.092; p?0.001) were negatively associated with procrastination. Among the more conscientious students, the level of self-control (?=0.404; t=-3.929; p?0.001) was negatively associated with procrastination and “being a man” (0–man; 1–woman) (?=-0.307; t=-3.219; p?0.05) was significantly associated with the level of procrastination. The results of our study show trait and personality differences in the level of procrastination, highlighting the importance of self-control and self-efficacy development among university students. Interactive programmes with an impact on students’ self-concept can be a significant contribution to students’ ability to cope with their study requirements effectively. It could be argued that the limits of this study include cross-sectional and self-reported data."

When it comes to the teaching profession, Slovak teachers report a number of problematic issues that lead to many negative consequences in well-being, physical and mental health, and subsequently to considerable turnover rate. According the research studies, there are numerous factors related to teacher turnover, but we assume that turnover are closely linked to the situation in the country, economic conditions etc. Our aim was to find, which of research factors are important among Slovak teachers according the type of school, in which they teach. The research sample consisted of 132 teachers (87.1% women), aged 24 to 68 (M=38.03, SD=10.2). Of the total number of teachers, 15.6% worked at preschools, 53.9% worked at primary schools, 13.3% worked at secondary vocational schools, 14.1% worked at secondary schools. An online questionnaire measuring: gender, age, and the type of school the individual teaches in. Subsequently, the teachers had a list of 27 areas at their disposal, where they were able to choose a maximum of 7 areas, they consider to be the most problematic and causing possible turnover in the teaching profession. Descriptive statistics were used for data analyses. In relation to the results, we interpreted as problematic these areas, which were marked at least one third of the respondents. We stated that teachers from different type of schools agreed on what is problematic in teacher profession and what can influence their turnover, except the teachers from preschools. Teachers from different type of schools (a=primary school; b=secondary vocational school; c=secondary school) perceived these areas as problematic: remuneration (a-68.1%; b-76.5%; c-77.8%); job satisfaction (a-62.3%; b-64.7%; c-61.1%); students' behavior during classes (a-56.5%; b-58.8%; c-38.9%); students' aggressiveness (a-60.9%; b-47.1%; c-55.6%); students' performance (a-44.9%; b-52.9%; c-55.6%). Other problem areas that have been mentioned in at least two types of schools included: stress linked to the teaching profession; work with a minority group; communication with parents; class size; working conditions; school's financial resources; teacher status in society and perceived value of teacher's work. Other areas didn't label as problematic. The research findings have extended the previous research in the context of Slovak teachers' turnover, which is little researched in Slovakia and is limited to the determining the current status of turnover without any deeper understanding of the causes. However, knowing the causes of Slovak teachers' turnover may be helpful in reducing it.