We present a dataset of daily resolution climatic time series that has been compiled for the European Climate Assessment (ECA). As of December 2001, this ECA dataset comprises 199 series of minimum, maximum and/or daily mean temperature and 195 series of daily precipitation amount observed at meteorological stations in Europe and the Middle East. Almost all series cover the standard normal period 1961-90, and about 50% extends back to at least 1925. Part of the dataset (90%) is made available for climate research on CDROM and through the Internet (at http://www.knmi.nl/samenw/eca).A comparison of the ECA dataset with existing gridded datasets, having monthly resolution, shows that correlation coefficients between ECA stations and nearest land grid boxes between 1946 and 1999 are higher than 0.8 for 93% of the temperature series and for 51% of the precipitation series. The overall trends in the ECA dataset are of comparable magnitude to those in the gridded datasets.The potential of the ECA dataset for climate studies is demonstrated in two examples. In the first example, it is shown that the winter (October-March) warming in Europe in the 1976-99 period is accompanied by a positive trend in the number of warm-spell days at most stations, but not by a negative trend in the number of cold-spell days. Instead, the number of cold-spell days increases over Europe. In the second example, it is shown for winter precipitation between 1946 and 1999 that positive trends in the mean amount per wet day prevail in areas that are getting drier and wetter.Because of its daily resolution, the ECA dataset enables a variety of empirical climate studies, including detailed analyses of changes in the occurrence of extremes in relation to changes in mean temperature and total precipitation.
The aim of this study is to detect variability and changes in the occurrence of the thermal seasons in Poland during the period from 1951 to 2010. A monthly temperature dataset using average area values allowed the researchers to set proper occurrence dates for the thermal seasons' beginnings and length according to the following criteria: winter (t < 0°C), early spring (0-5°C), spring (5-15°C), summer (t > 15°C), autumn (5-15°C) and early winter (0-5°C). Statistically significant long-term trends have been detected for the occurrence dates of the thermal seasons' beginnings and season length. Seasonal variability accelerated significantly since the end of the twentieth century. The trend of limiting wintertime in Poland is 0.64 days per year, while summer and early spring seasons are longer by approximately 0.30 and 0.25 days per year, respectively. All seasons since thermal early spring until thermal summer tend to occur earlier, while the following seasons have the opposite trend. As a result, the number of years without thermal winter has substantially increased in the past 20 years. Simultaneously, thermal summer became the longest season in 85 % of years after 1990 in comparison to less than 50 % in the period from 1951 to 1970. Also, the change in the annual course of monthly mean temperature results in the fact that thermal spring is becoming longer than thermal autumn.
Zarys treści. Celem pracy było wydzielenie na obszarze Polski regionów o podobnej długości i zmienności okresu występowania ujemnej temperatury powietrza. Materiały źródłowe stanowiły średnie miesięczne oraz średnie dobowe wartości temperatury powietrza z 36 stacji IMGW-PIB z okresu od października do kwietnia, w latach od 1960/61 do 2014/15. Do wyznaczenia okresu z temperaturą powietrza poniżej 0°C i jego charakterystyki posłużono się dwiema metodami: tradycyjną, opartą na analizie średniej miesięcznej temperatury (Gumińskiego) oraz przy zastosowaniu temperatury średniej dobowej. Analizowano daty początku i końca, a także długość okresu z ujemną temperaturą. Zastosowana analiza skupień pozwoliła na wyodrębnienie trzech regionów: zachodniego, środkowego i wschodniego. Stwierdzono, że średnia miesięczna temperatura powietrza najlepiej odzwierciedla długość termicznej zimy w regionie środkowym. W regionach zachodnim i wschodnim do wyznaczania termicznej zimy należałoby stosować średnie dobowe wartości temperatury.Słowa kluczowe: ujemna temperatura powietrza, początek, koniec i długość zimy, analiza skupień, trend. WstępCharakterystyka klimatu okresu zimowego jest tematem wielu prac w różnych ujęciach przestrzennych i czasowych, przy czym w większości są to opracowania z zakresu warunków termicznych, często w powiązaniu z warunkami śnieżny-mi i cyrkulacyjnymi (Bednorz, 2006; Czarnecka i Nidzgorska-Lencewicz, 2010; Czernecki i Miętus, 2017;Czarnecka, 2012;Falarz, 2004;Marsz, 1999;Piotrowicz, 2000 Piotrowicz, /20012002; Tomczyk i Bednorz, 2014; Twardosz i Kossowska-Cezak, 2016;Paczos, 1982;Świątek, 2014). Oceny reżimu termicznego zim obejmują nie tylko czas ich trwania, czy dni charakterystyczne (np. liczba dni zimowych t śr < 0,0°C, mroźnych t max < 0,0°C, bardzo mroźnych t max < -10,0°C, sumę
ABSTRACT:The study concerns research of the most important features of temporal and spatial structure of cloudiness variability in the area of Poland in the period 1971-2000 using the data from 41 synoptic stations. For all the stations the seasonal and annual values of total cloudiness were calculated, as well as the frequency of total cloudiness, cloud base heights and cloudiness in levels. The analysis by means of the empirical orthogonal functions made it possible to establish the dominant modes of the cloudiness variability in Poland. Mean annual and seasonal cloudiness can be described by means of no more than five dominating eigenvectors presenting the crucial role of circulation influence on the local cloudiness field.
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