Mucosal immunity is an important mechanism in the response to injury. Our hypothesis is that surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an autocrine factor that stimulates alveolar type II epithelial cell release of neutrophil chemotactic factors by binding to the SP-A receptor expressed by these cells. We examined (1) the effect of SP-A (20 μg/ml) or IL-1β (10 ng/ml) on release of neutrophil chemotactic factors by primary cultures of type II cells or alveolar macrophages, and (2) the effect of intratracheal instillation of the blocking antibody to the SP-A receptor on the response to oleic acid-induced lung injury in vivo. All media and cell culture supernates were assayed for neutrophil chemotactic activity, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the in vivo experiments was analyzed for inflammatory cell counts. While SP-A and media used for the cell cultures has no intrinsic neutrophil chemotactic activity, supernates from primary cultures of type II cells incubated in either SP-A or IL-1β had twofold higher neutrophil chemotactic factor activity compared to supernates from controls. SP-A had no effect on release of neutrophil chemotactic factor by alveolar macrophages. Oleic acid-induced lung injury resulted in a marked influx of neutrophils into BAL, and this influx was reduced by 70% by pretreatment with the antibody to SP-A receptor. We conclude that SP-A stimulates the release of neutrophil chemotactic factor by alveolar type II cells, and this effect is mediated by the receptor for SP-A specifically expressed by these cells.

The purpose of the study was to observe the prevalence of impostor phenomenon (IP) among students attending Ohio Northern University, and assess secondary factors that impact the severity of IP. Method. Using the validated Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale the incidence of IP was assessed at Ohio Northern University (ONU). The investigators hypothesized that students enrolled in the College of Pharmacy would demonstrate more intense levels of IP than students enrolled in other majors within the University. Results. 391 students of the approximately 3100 students (12.6%) completed the survey and qualified for the study. Students for this study were recruited via email. This method was utilized for two reasons; it was the best way to reach the entirety of the student body and at this time, students were transitioning from campus to home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Out of a total possible score of 100, all colleges scored an average IP score between 68 and 75. These scores are interpreted as "frequently experiences impostor feelings." No statistical significance in scores was found by college, gender, ethnicity/race, year in school, or specific major. Conclusion.Impostor phenomenon is common at Ohio Northern University and does not discriminate by college, age, gender, race/ethnicity, year in school, or academic major. There is a need for external intervention to educate students on the impact of IP and reduce the impact. Interventions should be targeted to all students enrolled at the University regardless of educational program or other demographics.

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