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Purpose Cancer pathology findings are critical for many aspects of care but are often locked away as unstructured free text. Our objective was to develop a natural language processing (NLP) system to extract prostate pathology details from postoperative pathology reports and a parallel structured data entry process for use by urologists during routine documentation care and compare accuracy when compared with manual abstraction and concordance between NLP and clinician-entered approaches. Materials and Methods From February 2016, clinicians used note templates with custom structured data elements (SDEs) during routine clinical care for men with prostate cancer. We also developed an NLP algorithm to parse radical prostatectomy pathology reports and extract structured data. We compared accuracy of clinician-entered SDEs and NLP-parsed data to manual abstraction as a gold standard and compared concordance (Cohen’s κ) between approaches assuming no gold standard. Results There were 523 patients with NLP-extracted data, 319 with SDE data, and 555 with manually abstracted data. For Gleason scores, NLP and clinician SDE accuracy was 95.6% and 95.8%, respectively, compared with manual abstraction, with concordance of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.89 to 0.98). For margin status, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion, stage, and lymph node status, NLP accuracy was 94.8% to 100%, SDE accuracy was 87.7% to 100%, and concordance between NLP and SDE ranged from 0.92 to 1.0. Conclusion We show that a real-world deployment of an NLP algorithm to extract pathology data and structured data entry by clinicians during routine clinical care in a busy clinical practice can generate accurate data when compared with manual abstraction for some, but not all, components of a prostate pathology report.

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The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America (GOA) has amassed a rich and varied collection of artifacts associated with two thousand years of religious and historical tradition, as well as more than a century of chronicles in America. The items in this archive include iconography, art, photographs, letters, and other memorabilia. The GOA has endeavored to digitize these assets in order to preserve them, while at the same time make them more accessible for appropriate and beneficial uses. Specifically, the Department of Internet Ministries at the GOA was tasked with overseeing this digitization effort, as well as with the creation of appropriate tools and technology for accessing the resulting digital archive. The challenges associated with this work included the wide diversity of media types, the need to attach specific restrictions to the use of different items, and the desire to provide a user experience that was transparent and not daunting or discouraging. At a fairly early stage it was de- * We thank Nikie Calle, termined that emerging digital rights management (DRM) capabilities would be necessary in order to realize the goals of the project. These capabilities, however, had to be implemented while accounting for a previously deployed digital asset management (DAM) and web publishing system, not to mention the existing IT infrastructure. This paper presents a case study that describes the efforts associated with the specification, creation, and deployment of an effective DRM system that incorporates rights enforcement technology, and works in synergy with the previously deployed DAM system at the GOA.