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Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy have been used to study molecular orientations in thin films used in an organic light-emitting-diode. The films consist of sterically bulky and cross-shaped molecules that have small anisotropy in shape, 2-methyl-9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (MADN). As a result, anisotropic molecular orientation in the amorphous films has been observed with respect to the surface normal. The short axis of anthracene in MADN molecules, more or less, slightly tilts from the surface plane but preferentially close to the surface with a certain orientational distribution, while the long axis of anthracene is, on average, oriented close to the magic angle from the surface normal. This anisotropic molecular orientation gives rise to better carrier transportation properties than the isotropic orientation.

We developed a 3.6‐in. 202‐ppi Full‐Color AMPLED display by using ink‐jet technology. It is the highest resolution PLED display ever reported in the world. Three organic layers, hole transport layer, interlayer and emission layer, were fabricated by ink‐jet technology with 7pl ink‐jet heads on a CG‐Silicon active‐matrix backplane. The developed display proved that ink‐jet technology can realize high resolution PLEDs.

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Deviation angle 6 of the layer normal away from the rubbing direction in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSF-LC) was studied using liquid crystal (LC) mixtures possessing smectic A(SmA) phase and cells with one rubbed substrate. The dependence of 6 on the properties of LC, cell spacing, temperature, and external field suggested that 6 originated from the twist in the nematic phase and electroclinic effect in SmA phase due to the surface field.