This study evaluated stereopsis and other visual functions in patients with idiopathic macular hole (MH), and sought to identify vision-related parameters that affect stereopsis. In this prospective, consecutive, comparative study, 39 eyes of 39 patients with unilateral idiopathic MH were included. At baseline and at 6 months after MH surgery, we evaluated stereopsis, with the Titmus stereo test (TST) and TNO stereotest (TNO), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), letter contrast sensitivity, severity of metamorphopsia, as assessed using M-CHARTS, and extent of aniseikonia, by the new aniseikonia test. Preoperative stereopsis (log) in patients with MH were 2.72 ± 0.53 (range 1.9-4.1) in the TST and 2.82 ± 0.65 (range 1.8-3.9) in the TNO. Preoperative TST was significantly correlated with letter contrast sensitivity (p < 0.05), but not with the other visual functions. TNO showed significant correlation with letter contrast sensitivity (p < 0.05) and aniseikonia (p < 0.005). Preoperative TNO was associated with aniseikonia by multivariate analysis (p < 0.005). MH surgery significantly improved stereopsis, BCVA, letter contrast sensitivity, metamorphopsia, and aniseikonia. Postoperative TST and TNO was significantly associated with BCVA by multivariate analysis. Deterioration of stereopsis in MH patients is associated with contrast sensitivity and the degree of aniseikonia. Macular hole (MH) causes not only blurred vision, but also various other visual impairments, such as metamorphopsia 1-7 , aniseikonia 8,9 , and stereopsis 10-12. Visual acuity improves in many patients after successful MH surgery 13,14 , whereas some patients still complain of disturbances in visual function after surgery. Stereopsis is the ability to perceive depth of field based on the disparity between the images formed by the two eyes-it is the most advanced visual function. Wheatstone invented the stereoscope and discovered that, if areas on the retina of both eyes that are separated horizontally were stimulated simultaneously, stereopsis could occur 15. Visual acuity is the most commonly considered vision-related parameter that affects stereopsis. Stereopsis worsens even when visual impairment is present in only one eye 16-20. In addition, some other factors are known to affect stereopsis, such as aniseikonia 21-23 , pupil size 23,24 , eye dominance 21,25 , and accommodation 20,26. Several studies have investigated stereopsis in retinal disorders, including MH 10-12 and epiretinal membrane (ERM) 12,27 , and after retinal detachment (RD) surgery 28 , all of which impaired stereopsis. However, the details of vision-related parameters that cause those disturbances of stereopsis in retinal disorders remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate stereopsis and other visual function parameters, including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, metamorphopsia, and aniseikonia in patients with unilateral MH, and to identify vision-related parameters that affect stereopsis. Methods We conducted this prospective, consecutive, comparati...

The study aimed to evaluate changes in stereopsis and vision-related quality of life (VR-QOL) in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) following intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IVR) and investigate the relationship between stereopsis and VR-QOL. This study included 23 treatment-naïve patients with non-ischemic CRVO and 13 age-matched normal controls. Stereopsis, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), VR-QOL, and retinal microstructures were examined pre-treatment and 12 months post-treatment. The Titmus Stereo Test (TST) and TNO stereotest (TNO) were used to evaluate stereopsis. VR-QOL was evaluated using the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). IVR immediately and significantly improved the TST values, TNO values, composite VFQ-25 score, BCVA, and central foveal thickness in patients with CRVO. The 12-month post-treatment TST and TNO values were significantly worse in the CRVO group compared to those in the normal group. At the baseline, the composite VFQ-25 score significantly correlated only with the TST value. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between the 12-month post-treatment composite VFQ-25 score and the baseline and 12-month post-treatment TNO values. In conclusion, IVR immediately improved stereopsis in CRVO, albeit below normal levels. Stereopsis (not visual acuity) was associated with pre- and post-treatment VR-QOL in patients with CRVO.

The study aimed to evaluate changes in stereopsis and vision-related quality of life (VR-QOL) in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) following intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IVR) and investigate the relationship between stereopsis and VR-QOL. This study included 23 treatment-naïve patients with CRVO and 13 age-matched normal controls. Stereopsis, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), VR-QOL, and retinal microstructures were examined pre-treatment and 12 months post-treatment. The Titmus Stereo Test (TST) and TNO stereotest (TNO) were used to evaluate stereopsis. VR-QOL was evaluated using the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). IVR immediately and significantly improved the TST values, TNO values, composite VFQ-25 score, BCVA, and central foveal thickness in patients with CRVO. The 12-month post-treatment TST and TNO values were significantly worse in the CRVO group compared to those in the normal group. The baseline composite VFQ-25 score significantly correlated with the TST value. Multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between the 12-month post-treatment composite VFQ-25 score and the baseline and 12-month post-treatment TNO values. In conclusion, IVR immediately improved stereopsis in CRVO, albeit below normal levels. Stereopsis (not visual acuity) was associated with pre- and post-treatment VR-QOL in patients with CRVO.