Purpose In the past years, many contributions have been published addressing frugal innovation and other types of resource-constrained innovations in the management field. Throughout this paper frugal innovation is reported as a phenomenon, concept, research field and strategy, showing the different ways the literature refers to it and how scattered the concept is. However, based on the understanding, the authors decided to address frugal innovation as a kind of innovation strategy that helps companies to innovate in resource-constrained environments. Therefore, considering the increasing interest in the frugal innovation topic and adding the perspective of business strategy for resource-constrained conditions, the research question addressed in this paper is: what are the main features of the frugal innovation literature that unfold its current perspectives for business strategy? In this sense, the purpose of this study is to analyze the scientific production in frugal innovation through a literature mapping and review to better understand it, delimiting different perspectives and creating boundaries to other business strategies or approaches. Design/methodology/approach The authors performed a co-citation analysis using the Vosviewer software to notice how authors are arranged in clusters based on their understanding of the topic. Furthermore, the authors also performed a systematic literature review (SLR) analyzing the extant literature on frugal innovation based on the clusters found through the co-citation method. The final sample used in the study included 42 papers published between 2011 and 2019, using the Web of Science platform as a data source. Findings By means of SLR, the findings of this study provided a more organized view of frugal innovation through the co-citation analysis and the qualitative analysis of the clusters, which were the basis for the parameters established. After the conceptualization of frugal innovation strategy (FIS) and the delimitation of boundaries of FIS, the authors bring the reflections about the contribution to the literature and the practice (managers and society) by showing three assumptions to be tested and confirmed in future studies and a framework to guide companies in search of a FIS. Originality/value This study contributes to the discussion on frugal innovation moving a step forward to clarify the research field on this subject providing the main characteristics for researchers and practitioners. The paper has delimited the boundaries of FIS. The assumptions established in the discussion can become hypotheses for empirical studies. In addition, the authors explain why, what is, where and to whom the FIS can be developed and applied. Furthermore, the authors contribute by developing the FIS framework, with four strategic positions based on the boundaries of FIS organized by the complexity technological level. The strategic positions are frugal innovation orientation (FIO), FIO to value shared, FIO to market and FIS.

This article's main objective is to examine some known management theories under the offshoring point of view. It detaches some factors in existing theories and how they can be at risk in an increasing offshoring of services processes. In the absence of more systematic studies about the effects of offshoring over value chain and core competencies imprecise borders and definitions, we try to interpret them in a holistic manner and stimulate discussions in a new area of study rather than to provide definitive general conclusions. The methodological aspects mainly concerning the offshoring bibliography are very impressive, especially since 2000. There seems to be a new trend appearing, like a wedge between strategy and international business theories, or that at least complements these theories. The analysis presented in this paper is offered as an aid to systematic investigation involving value chains, core competencies, innovations and the accelerated process of offshore outsourcing of services. Some preliminary evidence showed countries and companies in good conditions to improve their participation in the international market. The internationalization of these new firms from emerging countries and their learning process may need extension to existing theories, at least from the perspective of emerging and in the developing world.

The environmental disaster that occurred in the city of Mariana, located in the State of Minas Gerais, by the end of 2015 is considered the largest one taking place in Brazil. The dam collapse, whose responsibility was attributed to the mining company Samarco S.A., was responsible for the 34 million cubic meters mining waste washed across Doce River, which destroyed the city of Bento Rodrigues and killed nineteen people. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the relationship between the actions taken by Samarco and Renova Foundation and their most salient stakeholders in the city of Mariana, and its influence on the social license to operate. In order to fulfil such goal, the theoretical review approaches issues related to sustainability, stakeholders and social license to operate. This is a single case study since the object of our study is unique and meaningful and can be useful in analyzing similar cases. The primary data collection was accomplished through visits and interviews accomplished with salient stakeholders involved with the dam collapse. It was also possible to analyze secondary data, such as documents provided by the company, media reports and police investigation. After fulfilling the secondary objectives of the research, it was possible to conclude that the disaster was no fatality; Samarco seemed to be more inclined to generate profitespecially after the plunge in commodity pricesthan to focus on the security of its employees and communities surrounding the company. Despite the dissatisfaction of several stakeholders, the company would still be awarded with a social license to operate, considering that several communities still rely on mining as the main source of income and tax collection.

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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; text-align: justify;">As terceiriza&ccedil;&otilde;es tornaram-se pr&aacute;ticas comuns nas empresas a partir da d&eacute;cada de 1970. Na medida em que implicavam a transfer&ecirc;ncia de atividades consideradas secund&aacute;rias pelas empresas, permitiam que se focassem assertivamente suas compet&ecirc;ncias centrais. No entanto, a terceiriza&ccedil;&atilde;o atingiu hoje um novo est&aacute;gio, no qual &aacute;reas especializadas das organiza&ccedil;&otilde;es s&atilde;o inteiramente transferidas para outros pa&iacute;ses. O artigo analisa esse novo est&aacute;gio e mostra como o Brasil pode aproveitar suas oportunidades.</span></p>