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Background: Insomnia is defined as difficulty falling or staying asleep or a sleep state that cannot restore the body's condition. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a vertebrate model that has been extensively studied to study sleep and neurological disorders. One of the most widely used methods to examine the effect of the light-dark cycle on the circadian system is by exposing animals and humans to pulse wave light. Objective: To see the effect of light exposure on zebrafish larvae by looking at inactive state duration and sleep latency in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae insomnia model. Methods: This study used four groups of zebrafish larvae i.e : (1) normal group (2) minutes of light exposure and 2 minutes off (2/2)), (3) Four minutes of light exposure and 1 minute off (4/1), and (4) 24 hours on (24/0). Observation of larval movement was carried out on 5, 6, and 7 dpf (day post fertilization). Observation time was 30 minutes before and after turned off of light exposure. Results: There were significant differences on days 5, 6, and 7 between the normal group and the three light treatment groups on inactive state duration and sleep latency in dark and light conditions with p-values (p<0.05) and (p< 0.031), but there was no significant difference among groups of light exposure 2 minutes on 2 minutes off, 4 minutes on 1 minute off, and 24 hours on. The 24-hour on treatment showed the most inactive state duration among the light treatments, while the sleep latency was found in the 24-hour treatment. Conclusion: Light treatment of 2 minutes on 2 minutes off, 4 minutes on 1 minute off, and 24 hours on can cause insomnia, but the most substantial insomnia effect is obtained from the 24-hour treatment.

Introduction Insomnia is a global health problem. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal model for studying sleep disorder due to its diurnal cycle. Centella Asiatica (CA) is thought to have an anti-insomnia effect, but its mechanism is not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of CA on insomnia zebrafish larvae model by observing sleep parameters including inactive frequency and movement distance. Methods This experimental study is divided into five groups of zebrafish larvae consisting of control group, insomnia group with 24 hours of light exposure for 7 days, insomnia group with CA concentration of 2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL. Observation of zebrafish larval movement was carried out on 5, 6, and 7 dpf (day post fertilization) during 30 minutes before and after turning off light exposure. Results There were significant differences on 5, 6, and 7 dpf between the normal group, insomnia group, and all treatment groups with CA addition on inactive frequency and movement distance in light and dark conditions (p&lt;0.05). Discussion This study showed that CA has an anti-insomnia effect. CA can improve sleep quality of insomnia zebrafish larvae model by increasing inactive frequency and shortening movement distance. Keywords Centella Asiatica, zebrafish, inactive frequency, movement distance.

Insomnia is a difficulty to start sleeping or maintaining the quality of sleep. The latest concept of insomnia explains the disintegration of molecules that change the brain’s rhythm of waking and sleeping. Neurotransmitters that stimulate awakening are orexin, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, while those responsible for sleeping are ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), adenosine, serotonin, melatonin, and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathways have a role in various neuroplasticity that also a candidate mechanism that plays a role in sleep plasticity regulation. Centella Asiatica (CA) is a herb which neuroprotectant effect on neurological diseases. CA can provide anti-inflammatory and rejuvenating effects, antioxidant, anxiolytic, stress relief, and improve intelligence. CA has a role in signaling MAPK/ERK pathway. MAPK3 (ERK1) and MAPK1 (ERK2) proteins are targets that are binded by beta-carotene from CA. In this study, based on QSAR analysis, it proved that CA has benefits for insomnia treatment, as ICAM1 expression inhibitor (0.55), nitric oxide antagonist (0.67), anti-inflammatory (0.80), and gastrin inhibitor (0.45). Therefore, it can be predicted that CA can potentially inhibit ICAM-1 and target AKT1 protein. Then, based on molecular docking, Protein Compound Interaction (PCI) results prove that beta carotene is the most potent MAPK1 inhibitor.

ABSTRACT:-patient to solve all their medical problems regardless of the illness, organ, ages, and genders, and as much as possible, thoroughly, completely, continuously and in coordination and collaboration with other health professionals, using the principle of effective and efficient services and uphold the professional responsibilities, legal, ethical and moral. The service is limited to the convening of basic medical competence acquired during medical education. The meaning of malpractices (error practice) of medical profession in the perspective of human rights is still unclear. This research was normative research by studying and analyzing law and health materials. Human rights are inherited rights in humans since their birth as a human being. Those rights conclude: right to life, right to health care, and the right to self-determination. Medical malpractice is the failure of the doctor to meet the standard medical treatment to the patient's disease, or a lack of skills or negligence in providing treatment for the patients, causing harm and injury to the patients. Medical malpractice may also be interpreted as any kind of wrongdoing, or negligence of doctors in treating patients which are not in line with the norms prevailing medical practices which may cause injury and/or harms to patients, even death, so as to violate the patient's human rights.