Background Nephrotic syndrome is one of the most common chronic kidney diseases in children. Steroid sensitive type (SSNS) constitutes about 85–90%, whereas steroid-resistant type (SRNS) only 15–20% (Mickinney et al. Pediatr Nephrol 16:1040-1044, 2001). While MCD is the most common histopathology in SS type, children with SRNS have MCD, mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, or focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (International Study Kidney Disease in children, Kidney Int 20;765-771, 1981). SRNS is defined as those who do not show remission after 6 weeks and standard dose of oral steroids ± 3 IV MPD doses (Trautmann et al. Pediatr Nephrol 35:1529-1561, 2020). Objectives These national adapted guidelines aim to frame evidence-based recommendations adopted or adapted from the IPNA 2020, KDIGO 2021, and Japanese 2014 de novo guidelines for diagnosis and management of nephrotic children to be presented in two manuscripts: (1) steroid sensitive (SSNS) and (2) steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Methodology Formulation of key questions was followed with a review of literature guided by our appraised guidelines using AGREE plus appraisal tool. Virtual monthly meetings all through the year 2021 were activated  for reviewing and validation of final adaptation evidence-based draft, considering all comments of external reviewers including KDIGO assigned reviewer. Discussion Rationale behind the selection of adopted statements and tailoring of others to suit our local facilities, expertise, and our local disease profile was discussed in the text with reasons. Conclusion The provided guidelines aim to optimize patient care and outcome and suggest research areas lacking validated research recommendations.

The author Yasser S. Amer had a typo in the Given Name.The affiliation and Given Name for the given authors have been updated above and the original article [1] has been corrected.

Introduction:Children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) on regular hemodialysis (HD) are at high risk of developing many neurologic complications including both uremic neuropathy and encephalopathy. The accumulation of uremic toxins and certain electrolytes changes represent the major role for these complications and the severity of neuropathy is directly correlated with degree of these changes. Aim of the study: is to find out the prevalence of both polyneuropathy and encephalopathy in children under regular HD and to correlate these neurologic findings with laboratory parameters. Methods: This study included 45 children on regular HD at least for one year selected from those attending the pediatric HD units at Al Azhar university hospitals with their ages not less than 5 years. All patients were clinically evaluated together with renal functions and serum electrolytes. Both electroencephalogram (EEG) and nerve conduction velocity were done for all cases. Results: The main etiology of ESRD was congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (40 %) followed by glomerular diseases (37.7 %) and unknown etiology (22.3 %). Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) showed abnormal findings in 22 cases (48.9) in the form of: (axonal degeneration in 19 cases and demyelination in 3 cases). On the other hand, EEG showed slowing background and epileptic discharges in 16 cases (36.6 %). There was a positive correlation between NCV findings and both potassium and phosphorus. Also, a positive correlation was shown between EEG changes and both sodium and calcium. Conclusion: Children under regular HD can develop many neurologic abnormalities including polyneuropathy (as detected by NCV) and slowing background with epileptic discharges (as detected by EEG). Serum electrolytes changes play a basic role for these neurologic abnormalities as shown by the positive correlation between serum electrolytes and these neurologic findings.

No abstract