Background Lower respiratory tract infection is a global problem accounting over 50 million deaths annually. Here, we determined the bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of lower respiratory tract infections among adult patients attending at Tertiary Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted among adult patients with lower respiratory infection at the medical outpatient department of the Hospital. A sputum sample was collected and processed for bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Semi structured questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 22 software was used for statistical analysis and a p value of < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Out of 406 sputum samples of participants 136(33.5%) were culture positive for 142 bacterial isolates. Klebsiella pneumoniae 36(25.4%) was the predominant isolate followed by Pseudomonas species 25(17.6%). Gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to cefepime (86.0%) and ciprofloxacin (77.8%) antibiotics while gram-positive (76.5%) to clindamycin. Conclusion Community acquired lower respiratory tract Infection was highly prevalent in the study area and the isolates showed resistant to common antibiotics such as ampicillin, augmentin, ceftazidime and tetracycline. Therefore, culture and susceptibility test is vital for appropriate management of lower respiratory tract infection in the study area.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH), Hargeisa, Somaliland. A cross-sectional study was conducted at HGH, Hargeisa, Somaliland and participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected from 422 participants and cultured and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined for the isolates. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify the independent risk factors for UTI. The prevalence of UTI was 16.4% (95% CI 13.3–19.9). The predominant bacteria isolate was E. coli (43.5%) followed by Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) 11(16%), S. aureus 9(13%), K. pneumonia 6(8.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5(7.2%), Proteus mirabilis 4(5.8%), Citrobacter spp 3(4.4%) and M. morganii 1(1.5%) Gram negative bacilli were resistant to ampicillin (96%) and tetracycline (71.4%) and Gram-positive cocci were also resistant to ampicillin (90%), tetracycline (55%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 85.5% of bacterial isolated. No formal education participants, previous history of catheterization and previous history of UTI had 3.18, 3.22 and 3.73 times respectively more likely to develop UTI than their counterparts. Culture and susceptibility test is vital for appropriate management of UTI in the study area.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH), Hargeisa, Somaliland. A cross-sectional study was conducted at HGH, Hargeisa, Somaliland and participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected from 422 participants and cultured and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined for the isolates. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were utilized to identify the independent risk factors for UTI The prevalence of UTI was 16.4 % (95% CI: 13.3–19.9). The predominant bacteria isolate was E. coli (43.5%). Gram negative bacteria were resistant to ampicillin (96%) and tetracycline (71.4%) and Gram-positive bacteria were also resistant to ampicillin (90%), tetracycline (55%). Multidrug resistance was observed in 89.9% of bacterial isolated. No formal education participants were 3.18 times, previous history of catheterization had 3.22 times and previous history of UTI had 3.73 times more likely to develop UTI than their counterparts respectively. Culture and susceptibility test is vital for appropriate management of UTI in the study area.

Objective: This study was aimed to assess the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis and its associated factors among adults living with HIV/AIDS attending Public Hospitals, Shashamene Town, Oromia Region, South Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to February 2021 among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS attending Public Hospitals in Shashamene Town, Oromia Region, South Ethiopia. A sputum sample was collected and analyzed using Xpert MTB/RIF assay and blood sample was collected to count CD4 using BD FACSPresto analyzer. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. SPSS version 25 software was used for statistical analysis and a p value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: In this study, the overall prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among adults living with HIV/AIDS attending the Public Hospitals was 23.5% (5% confidence interval: 18.26, 29.13). Variables such as age range of 50–64 years, female gender, occupation with house wife, and World Health Organization stage (III and IV) were significantly associated with prevalence of tuberculosis infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis in our study site was high. There is a need for regular screening of people living with HIV/AIDS for TB using highly sensitive method like Xpert MTB/RIF assay to know their TB status as well as early commencement of anti-TB.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in Africa. The simultaneous occurrence of both infections leads to delayed diagnosis and inadequate treatment. The study aimed to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection among presumptive Tuberculosis adult cases at