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Silviculture agroforestry regime (SAR), which is a compatible management with forest rehabilitation and also renewal zoning system of the national park, was started to increase the agroforestry productivity surrounding Gunung Merapi National Park (GMNP). In addition, SAR also supported the basic information succession of Mount Merapi eruption in 2006 to strengthen Merapi lava tour. This is an innovative step in developing GMNP, in which its pro-poor conservation is not only based on land productivity, but also based tourism. This study was begun with the development of a permanent plot to study succession (May 2008-Novemper 2009, and the impact of community intervention on grass stock at GMNP, as well as to assess agroforestry typology and its implication on the areas surrounding GMNP. SAR was developed using landuse model based on limiting the factor of each agroforestry cluster. Choosing the treatment in SAR refers to the actual condition and opportunity every agroforestry cluster and sensitivity analysed until the intervention on the GMNP was minimal. The implementation of SAR was done with a software known as Stella 9.0. There are five SAR models which are appropriate for agroforestry cluster (AF); these are labelled as AF1-SAR1, AF2-SAR2, AF3-SAR3, AF4-SAR4 and AF5-SAR5. SAR is based on resources sharing whereby space is arranged through crown pruning and also rationalization number of dairy cows. In addition, SAR has a packet management for synergizing function of private lands (homegarden, dry field and land village as a unit management) and intensification by land tillage, renewal of grass and fertilization. In particular, SAR1-5 has the ability to balance agroforestry management with decreasing local community intervention and increasing biodiversity level on GMNP. The ratio for grass productivity outside GMNP with grass necessity and implementation of SAR was close to an optimum point (1). Meanwhile, the ratio values of SAR1-5 were 0.982, 1.010, 1.44, 1.047 and 1.253, respectively. Nonetheless, the implementation of SAR needs more technology of silviculture agroforestry and a full support from stakeholders.

This study aims to assess the characteristics of the fuelwood value chain in Yobe, Nigeria. Data were collected through state government records, direct observations, focus group discussions, and interviews with key informants using open-ended questionnaires. Results showed that the fuelwood value chain comprises five functions: harvesting, transporting, trading, retailing, and consumption. The analysis further revealed five sub-chains characterized by actors in which two sub-chains were classified as formal (registered with associations and functioning with licenses) and three were classified as informal (not registered with an association and functioning without license). The presence of informal actors in the value chain observed in this study is widespread due to weak governance, high fuelwood demand, and corruption. Consequently, their poor practices have added extra pressure on the forest and is threatening the environment, fuelwood availability, accessibility, and market. The intrusion of informal actors needs to be properly addressed by the government through measures that include an efficient and flexible licensing system, strict implementation of fuelwood regulations, active monitoring, increase of awareness on the benefits of licensing and operating as registered actors in an organized group on job security, profits, and the environment and improved supervision of the forest laws’ enforcement agents to curtail corruption.

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The Cameron Highlands has experienced multiple land encroachment activities and repeated deforestation, leading to extensive land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) during the past six decades. This study aims to determine the LULCC against topography in Cameron Highlands between 2009 and 2019 by using geospatial techniques to analyze Landsat 7 (ETM+) and 8 (OLI/TIRS), ASTER GDEM and MODIS imaging sensors. The results showed a decline of 35.98 km2 in primary forests over ten years across the Cameron Highlands, while agricultural lands and urban areas flourished by a rise of 51.61 km2 and 11.00 km2 respectively. It can be noted that the elevation most affected is between 1000 and 1500 m, across all classes. Further results showed the expansion of both agriculture and urban development onto slopes above 35°, leading to an instability of soil structure. In a comparison of the base years of 2009 with 2019, mean LST results have shown temperatures rising by 7.5°C, while an average between 3 and 4°C across the region is recorded. The results obtained provide new information for government bodies and land planners to coordinate their actions without further jeopardizing the environment of the Cameron Highlands.