The endocannabinoid (eCB) anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are endogenous lipid neurotransmitters that regulate an array of physiological functions, including pain, stress homeostasis, and reward. Fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5) is a key modulator of intracellular eCB transport and inactivation. Recent evidence suggests that FABP5 controls synaptic 2-AG signaling at excitatory synapses in the dorsal raphe nucleus. However, it is currently not known whether this function extends to other brain areas. To address this, we first profiled eCB levels across several brain areas in FABP5 knockout mice and wild-type controls and report that FABP5 deletion elevates AEA levels in the striatum, prefrontal cortex, midbrain, and thalamus, as well as midbrain 2-AG levels. The expression of eCB biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes was largely unaltered in these regions, although minor sex and region-specific changes in the expression of 2-AG catabolic enzymes were observed in female FABP5 KO mice. Robust FABP5 expression was observed in the striatum, a region where both AEA and 2-AG control synaptic transmission. Deletion of FABP5 impaired tonic 2-AG and AEA signaling at striatal GABA synapses of medium spiny neurons, and blunted phasic 2-AG mediated short-term synaptic plasticity without altering CB1R expression or function. Collectively, these results support the role of FABP5 as a key regulator of eCB signaling at excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the brain.

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This research aims to find out: (1) the urgency of religious literature on religious understanding’s development; (2) potential radicalism presented in religious education books both in schools and madaris (3) countermeasure of potential radicalism through evaluating religious education books assessed by the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA). The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with interviews, observation, and documentation studies as the data-gathering tool. In data analysis, researcher uses interactive model involving data reduction, data serving, data display, and conclusion drawing/verifiying. The research findings yield the evaluation policy in the books emerges various cases of religious textbooks, while the various researches and developments findings relate to educational textbooks. Other findings responsed to the law implementation number 3 year 2017 about book matters’ system, Government Regulation number 75 year 2019 on Law Enforcement Regulation, and Minister of Religious Affairs Regulation number 9 year 2018 about religious books evaluation. Quick, precise, and accurate innovation on the evaluation is highly recommended, and technology as well as application is way to solve the problems. Hence, the regulation about religious education book should be immediately issued.  It is also required (special) institutions whose duties and functions are specific to writing, evaluation, and publication in terms of religious educational books (at least equivalent to the first echelon). MORA is expected to charge the issuer openly and transparently as a form of public service with measurable SOP and targets, so that all community guidances of religions could create their respective guidelines on writing and publication.