The microbial symbiotic community in the digestive tract of termites is reportedly influenced by the taxonomy and feeding habit of the host. Both factors are strongly correlated with the nest type. This study aimed to isolate the cellulolytic bacteria from termite’s digestive tract on different nest types and characterize and identify the potential isolates. The research methods included termite sampling conducted in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park (BBBRNP), Melawi, West Kalimantan, isolation of cellulolytic bacteria from termites’ gut, endoglucanase activity test, biochemical characterization, and DNA analysis based on the amplification of 16S rRNA gene. Thirty isolates from 6 different species of termites on three different nest types were successfully isolated. Sixteen potential endoglucanase bacterial isolates were tested in terms of their endoglucanase activity. The cellulolytic index measured from those isolates ranged from 1.162 - 4.894. Three isolates (MRH.13.S, MRH.13.AF, and MRH.13.O2) with the highest cellulolytic index on each nest type were identified. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool for Nucleotides) revealed that isolate MRH.13.S had the closest relationship with Bacillus tequilensis (99 % homology). Based on biochemical characterization, MRH.13.AF and MRH.13.O2 isolates were related to Bacillus spp. HIGHLIGHTS Potential cellulolytic bacteria from termite intestinal tract from different nests (i.e., soil, wood, and arboreal) were isolated and compared Termites were obtained from a lowland dipterocarp primary forest ecosystem in Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia Termite species collected were Termes comis, Dicuspiditermes garthwaitei, Synhamitermes quadriceps, Havilanditermes proatripennis, Bulbitermes borneensis, and Bulbitermes parapusillus Potential cellulolytic bacteria acquired were closely related with Bacillus tequilensis and Bacillus spp GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Phytoremediation is considered of a cost effective and environmentally friendly technology and has been used successfully for the remediation of soils and water contaminated with various pollutants. Specifically for full scale application to treat industrial wastewater, phytoremediation is used as sole technology for different types of wetlands. However, phytoremediation of polluted water in wetland type reactor has been mostly studied as black box. The method to measure the performance is only based on pollutant removal efficiency and there is very limited information available about of the pollutant removal mechanisms and process dynamics in these systems. Thus, the aim of this chapter was to briefly review basic processes of phytoremediation, its mechanisms and parameters, and its interaction between rhizo-remediation and microbe-plant. In addition, this chapter also elaborated phytoremediation challenges and strategies for full-scale application, its techniques to remove both organic and inorganic contaminants by aquatic plants in water, and some examples of applications in industries.

One of the problems in the development of fish breeding in West Kalimantan is the difficulty in feeding the newly hatched fish. Daphnia magna is a favorite species used for feeding fish or shrimp larvae D. magna cultivation technique which is simple and low cost need to be developed. This study aims to determine the effect of rebon shrimp powder on the growth of D. magna. The methods used were media preparation, propagation of D. magna culture, and cultivation of D. magna at various concentrations of shrimp powder. The results showed that the addition of 10 ppm shrimp powder in green water medium could increase the population of D. magna up to 260% in 7 days. The addition of shrimp powder could also increase the protein content of D. magna up to 78, 29%.

As the palm oil industry in Indonesia increases, so does the amount of waste generated. Palm mesocarp fiber is one of the solid wastes produced by the crude palm oil industry which has high lignin content. One of the phenolic compounds bound with lignin is ferulic acid. Ferulic acid is a fine chemical that widely used in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and foods. This study aims to determine the effect of NaOH concentration (X 1 ), immersion time in NaOH (X 2 ), and sterilization time in the autoclave (X 3 ) on ferulic acid content obtained in the alkali extraction process from palm mesocarp fibers using the surface response methodology (RSM). The regression equation obtained is: Y = 38.87 -28.8(X 1 ) -1.69(X 2 ) -1.741(X 3 ) + 0.385(X 2 2) -0.20(X 1 X 2 ) + 2.078(X 1 X 3 ) + 0.0276(X 2 X 3 ). The optimal condition prediction results obtained were the autoclaving time at 30 minutes, 1 M NaOH concentration, and 9 hours soaking time result in 41.84 mg/L of ferulic acid. Validation results from the optimal conditions produced 46.45 mg/L of ferulic acid.