The development of reliable and eco-friendly organisms of silver nanomaterials is an important aspect of current nanotechnology research and application. Recently, microorganisms have been explored as potential biofactory for synthesis of silver nanoparticles. In this study, through screening of common bacteria, we report extracellular biosynthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles by the reduction of aqueous Ag+usingEscherichia coliATCC 8739,Bacillus subtilisATCC 6633, andStreptococcus thermophilusESh1 as potential candidates for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The culture supernatant of silver nanoparticles biosynthesis by reduction of silver ion coming in contact with the cell filtrate was fast and was formed within few minutes. UV-visible spectrum of the aqueous media obtained from the above bacteria containing silver ion showed a peak around 420 nm corresponding to the plasmon absorbance of silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs showed formation of well-dispersed silver nanoparticles in the range of 5–25 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of silver nanoparticles exhibited 2θvalues corresponding to the silver nanocrystal. In vitro studies indicated that the formed silver nanoparticles showed variable antimicrobial activity againstEscherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus,andPseudomonas aeruginosaand the fungus like yeast (Candida albicans). The diameter of inhibition zone varied according to the silver nanocrystal concentration and the test microorganism.

The present study aimed to estimate the cellular immune response to infection by different HCV genotypes in some Egyptian patients with chronic liver disease. HCV-RNA and HCV genotypes were conducted using type-specific primers to amplify the core region of HCV genome. The levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, PIIINP, SOD enzyme were also determined. The results showed that genotype 4 was the prevalent one (88.57%).Genotype 3 was found mixed with genotype 2 and 4 (11.42% and 34.28% respectively). Genotype 1 was absent from patients under study. No significant differences were observed in the level of IFN-gamma interferon, SOD enzyme and ALT enzyme between those genotypes. On the other hand the level of TNF-alpha was greatly increased in patients infected with mixed HCV genotypes 3, 4 compared with patients with genotype 4 and those infected with mixed genotypes 2, 3. Otherwise PIIINP was decreased significantly of the same group compared with other groups.

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the highest life-threatening malignancies. On both a molecular and histological level, HCC is a highly heterogeneous malignancy. This study was aimed to study the correlation between the molecular expression of some molecular biomarkers (P53 and Cox-2) and the histopathological alterations in the chemically induced HCC by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Adult female Rats. The liver tumor induction was done by injection of DEN intraperitoneally one, two and three times/week for 2 months by the dose of 50 mg/kg Bw. The histopathological analysis was done and expression level of P53 and cox-2 was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at the end of the experiment. Results In this study, Grossly, livers of the groups administered with DEN showed multiple grayish-white macronodules on the outer surface which is dose dependent. Histopathologically, DEN induce multifocal micronodules of hepatocellular carcinoma which characterized by nuclear atypia, clear cell, mitotic figures and necrosis of hepatocytes. P53 mRNA expression to GAPDH, revealed that, there was a statistically significant decrease in HCC groups compared to healthy control group, while Cox-2 mRNA expression was significantly increased in HCC groups than healthy control group. Conclusions HCC staging can be achieved by detection the expression of P53, and Cox-2 as molecular markers as it considers noninvasive, rapid and easy method than the histopathological analysis. Finally, Cox-2 could be a therapeutic candidate for HCC due to the higher expression of Cox-2 in HCC lesions.

Streptococcus species is considered as an important pathogen for human and animals. The antibiotic resistance mechanism in this species is continuously increased. On the other side, the tolerance of environmental stresses play an effective role in the severity of many streptococcal causative disease. In this study we assayed survey on the causative agents of pharyngitis and tonsillitis patients. The predominant causative strain was Streptococcus pyogenes with 93 % isolating ratio frequency. The other pathogenic species were S. agalactia 5.3 % and S. pneumonia 1.7 %. According to the antibiotic resistant test the S. pyogenes isolates were classified into six different groups. A selected strain from each antibiotic resistant group was tested for tolerance of a restrictive environmental factors. The variations of the environmental niches of isolates were in consistence with their antibiotic resistant variation.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major complication associated with HCV virus infection, with significant mortality and morbidity rates. This study aimed to measure biochemical liver parameters and HCV RNA levels for detection the severity of hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. The study was conducted on 100 patients, with ages ranging from 36 to 68 years and patients grouped into four groups. The 1 st group served as control group (n= 25),the second group (n=25): Hepatitis C Virus, the third group (n=25): HCV-associated HCC and the fourth group (n=25): After HCC removal and tumor resection. Serum samples were collected from the studied patients. Liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, Alkaline phosphatase) and another function parameters (Albumin and Total bilirubin) were tested to all patients of the studied groups. The results showed that hepatitis C Virus, HCV-associated HCC, and after HCC removal groups had an increase in liver function enzymes, decrease in albumin levels, and an increase in total bilirubin levels which indicate damage in the liver. Viral loads indicated in males infected higher than in females and significantly 98 MOHAMED EBEID et al. increased in HCV patients, and a highly significant increase in HCV associated HCC patients. Conclusively, Hepatitis C Virus, HCV-associated HCC, and After HCC removal groups had an increase in liver function enzymes, decrease in albumin levels, and an increase in total bilirubin levels which indicate damage in the liver. Viral loads indicated in males infected higher than females are significantly increased in HCV patients, and a highly significant increase in HCV associated HCC patients.