This study aimed to update and re-validate the scoring system of Fahmy and El-Sherbini for measurement of socioeconomic status in health research in Egypt. The new socioeconomic status scale has 7 domains with a total score of 84. Intra-and inter-observer variability and the internal consistency of the scale were assessed. A linear regression model was performed to determine the relative importance of each domain to the total score. Kappa coefficient was used to measure the agreement between the socioeconomic levels of the new and the old scales. There was a strong correlation between most of the 7 domains of the scale. Cronbach α for the scale was 0.66. The education domain contributed to 0.898 of variation in total score. There was a moderate agreement (κ = 0.76) and strong positive significant correlation (r = 0.93) between the socioeconomic levels and scores of both scales. We conclude that the new socioeconomic status scale is valid and reliable. Mansoura, Mansoura, Egypt (Correspondence to A. El-Gilany: ahgilany@gmail.com; ahgilany@hotmail.co.uk). RÉSUMÉ La présente étude visait à mettre à jour et à revalider le système d'évaluation de Fahmy et El-Sherbini relatif à la mesure du statut socioéconomique dans la recherche en santé en Égypte. La nouvelle échelle du statut socioéconomique compte sept domaines pour un score total de 84. La variabilité inter-et intra-observateurs et la cohérence interne de l'échelle ont été évaluées. Un modèle de régression linéaire a été mis en oeuvre pour déterminer l'importance relative de chaque domaine par rapport au score total. Le coefficient Kappa a été utilisé pour mesurer la concordance entre les niveaux socioéconomiques de la nouvelle échelle et de l'ancienne. Une forte corrélation a été observée entre la plupart des sept domaines de l'échelle. Le coefficient α de Cronbach pour l'échelle était de 0,66. Le domaine portant sur le niveau d'études contribuait pour 0,898 dans la variation du score total. Une concordance modérée (κ = 0,76) et une forte corrélation positive (r = 0,93) ont été observées entre les statuts socioéconomiques et les résultats des deux échelles. Nous en avons conclu que la nouvelle échelle du statut socioéconomique était valable et fiable. ‫املتوسط‬ ‫لرشق‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫املجلة‬ ‫عرش‬ ‫الثامن‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫التاسع‬ ‫العدد‬ 963

Background Mental health sufferings due to the COVID-19 pandemic were reported in many countries worldwide. However, there is a lack of a validated Arabic tool to measure stress related to this pandemic in the Arab countries. This study aims to translate into Arabic and measure the psychometric characteristics of the previously developed English COVID Stress Scales (CSS). Using a forward-backward translation, the CSS was translated into Arabic and 22 jurors assessed its content validity. An online-based survey was carried out among 1080 university students (Egyptian and Saudi) to assess internal consistency and validity of the Arabic version (CSS-Arabic) using Cronbach’s α and factor analysis. Results The content validity indices of the scale were 0.943 and 0.932 for both relevance and clarity. The internal consistency of the total CSS-Arabic was satisfactory (with α = 0.94) within the acceptable range for different subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis reveals 5-factor model with 36 retained items similar to the original English CSS. Conclusions CSS-Arabic is a reliable and valid self-reporting tool for screening of stress due to COVID-19 among the university students. Further work should be done by healthcare providers to assess the magnitude of the stress during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Although there is a strong association between enuresis and psychopathology, little is known about the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders. We investigate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with enuresis and study the impact on child behavior, self-esteem, and different EEG findings. A total number of one hundred 6 to 12 years old children diagnosed as functional enuresis taken from specialized university setting for enuresis at Mansoura Pediatric Outpatient Clinic, in which they could be subdivided into 2 groups after assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); according to DSM-IV criteria, we also compare them with a third ADHD group taken from Mansoura Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic n = 40 to match the co-morbid "enuresis with ADHD" group. All were subjected to a diagnostic interview conducted and completed with parents and developmental and family history as well, also they subjected to Conner's parent rating scale-93(CPRS-93), Rosenberg self-esteem assessment scale, and EEG examination. Results: There was high prevalence of ADHD in our study with about 40% in children with enuresis especially who met the DSM-IV criteria of inattention attending a specialized setting for enuresis at Mansoura Pediatric Outpatient Clinic which is a tertiary setting where the older the children of enuresis, the higher the prevalence of ADHD, also there is a relationship between abnormal epileptiform discharge in EEG finding and enuresis as same as ADHD which became greatly increased in the children who had both disorders who was the most affected group as regard behavioral problems and lowered self-esteem levels. Conclusions: The strong association between ADHD and enuresis suggests that the presence of enuresis should motivate diagnostic assessment of ADHD especially the inattentive subtype. Abnormal EEG finding in the form of generalized slow and sharp waves may be useful as a predictor for the presence of ADHD in children with enuresis. Also, the co-morbidity increases the negative impact on child behavior and self-esteem.

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