Dental students newly introduced to endodontics cannot imagine the three-dimensional nature of the pulp morphology and require more time for preclinical exercise. 1 In our everyday practice, iatrogenic errors in teeth exhibit complex and anomalous anatomy. 2,3 A diversity of root and root canal variations, including root fusions, dilacerations, multiple root canals merging and dividing, exist. 4,5 A highly educational practice method would be achieved by providing clinicians and students with transparent tooth models of natural teeth to see the real pulp anatomy whilst operating. 6 Rapid prototyping using 3-dimensional (3D) printers were used to reconstruct a physical tooth model for the external surface of teeth that have a variation in root morphology and for tooth transplantation purposes; however, the internal anatomy could not be reproduced at that time. 7,8 Recently, the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), along with enhanced analysis software, made it possible to view the complex and abnormal canal anatomy preoperatively and intraoperatively in a three-dimensional perspective. 9,10 Guided by the CBCT, 3D printers were used to construct the external tooth surface and the internal pulp chamber and canal anatomy in the form of 3-dimensional (3D) tooth models. 11 The latter 3D models allow a trial treatment phase outside the patient's mouth, thus minimising procedural errors and the loss of such teeth. 12 The aim of this study was to fabricate 3-Dimensional (3D) tooth models to overcome procedural errors that occur during treatment and to improve

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Introduction: Irrigating solutions have a key role in providing a successful root canal treatment in primary teeth. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a clear liquid that has an antibacterial potential and was found to be effective against E. faecalis bacteria, which is found in resistant non healing endodontic cases. Materials and Methods:Sixty non-vital primary molars were included in this randomized clinical trial. Each child had a molar randomly assigned to Group A and the other molar to Group B. In Group A, 30 primary molars were irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA solution as a positive control group. In Group B, 3.8% SDF was used as an irrigating solution for 30 primary molars along with the 2.5 % NaOCl and 17%EDTA. The teeth were clinically evaluated each follow up visit for the following clinical features: spontaneous pain, sensitivity to percussion, changes of the muco-buccal folds.Results: At 3 months and 6 months periods, Group A showed statistically significant greater number of cases showing spontaneous pain. After 6 months; Group A showed a statistically significant increase in sensitivity to percussion compared to Group B (P-value = 0.035, effect size = 0.385). After 6 months; Group A showed a statistically significant changes in the mucco-buccal fold compared to Group B (P-value = 0.035, Effect size = 0.385). Conclusions:• SDF 3.8% can be used successfully as an irrigating solution.• Adding SDF 3.8% in the irrigation regimen will improve the disinfection of the root canals and ultimately the treatment outcome.

Introduction/Objectives the aim of this study was to compare the difference in the postoperative pain when resin cements are used in comparison to bio ceramic cements in the obturation of root canals.Methods One hundred patients with permanent molar teeth requiring endodontic non-surgical retreatment were treated in this study. Preoperative assessment of the degree of the patient's pain was done using the visual analog scale. Fifty teeth were obturated with gutta percha using the epoxy resin-based sealer as the control group, and in the other fifty bio ceramic based cement was used. All teeth were prepared by the protaper next rotary files under copious irrigation with 30ml of 2.6 % sodium hypochlorite throughout the procedure. Obturation was done using the cold lateral compaction technique in the resin group and single cone technique in the bioceramic group. Postoperative pain assessment was done for each patient after six hours, twenty-four hours, four days and one week. ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference between pain scores regarding the postoperative pain between single cone bioceramic based obturation retreatments in comparison to the lateral compaction epoxy resin based obturation retreatments after 6, 24, 48 hours as well as one week. It was also found that There was no statistically significant difference between them in relation to age values and gender in the two groups.Conclusion with in the limitation of this study Single cone obturation with bioceramics can be used safely in single visit retreatment cases, when postoperative pain is being considered.

Introduction:To decrease the amount of tooth structure loss a conservative access cavity (CAC) preparation was proposed where preserving peri-cervical dentin (PCD) would achieve that goal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the conservative access cavity on the surface changes of controlled memory Nickel titanium rotary files in comparison to the traditional access cavity. Materials and Methods:One hundred and forty-four extracted mandibular first molars were randomly divided into two treatment groups (n=72). The Traditional Access cavity (TAC) and the CAC groups. Forty-eight file sets of Endo-Edge X7 rotary files (Henry-Schein, USA) have been used to prepare the mesial canals of all the teeth. The edge 30/0.04 rotary files were scanned by the scanning Electron microscope to assess the surface topographic changes in the files after the preparation of three, six and nine canals. Results:The effect of the access cavity preparation design on the surface topographic changes in the edge files were non-significant in all the groups (p>0.05). The surface topographic changes were non-significant after preparation of the three and six canals in both the TAC and CAC groups, however after preparation of nine canals the changes were significant in both the TAC (3.25±0.50) and CAC (4.00±0.82) groups. Conclusions:As the number of prepared root canals increases, the rotary nickel titanium file defects also increases.Both the TAC and CAC designs had no effect on the defects in the rotary NiTi files.