No abstract

Amongst sulfur- and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, the 2-aminothiazole scaffold is one of the characteristic structures in drug development as this essential revelation has several biological activities abiding it to act as an anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, among other things. Additionally, various 2-aminothiazole-based derivatives as medical drugs have been broadly used to remedy different kinds of diseases with high therapeutic influence, which has led to their wide innovations. Owing to their wide scale of biological activities, their structural variations have produced attention amongst medicinal chemists. The present review highlights the recently synthesized 2-aminothiazole-containing compounds in the last thirteen years (2008–2020). The originality of this proposal is based on the synthetic strategies developed to access the novel 2-aminothiazole derivatives (N-substituted, 3-substituted, 4-substituted, multi-substituted, aryl/alkyl substituents or acyl/other substituents). The literature reports many synthetic pathways of these 2-aminothiazoles associated with four different biological activities (anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities). It is wished that this review will be accommodating for new views in the expedition for rationalistic designs of 2-aminothiazole-based medical synthetic pathways.

The need for multidisciplinary and multiprofessional management of dysphagia is constantly increasing and creating a major challenge for healthcare professionals and society, especially in terms of professional expertise and human resources. The distribution of tasks among the dysphagia team members, which includes phoniatricians, otolaryngologists, and speech-language therapists, is flexible and overlapping. For assessing dysphagia, the (fibreoptic) flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), with or without videofluoroscopy, is a pivotal diagnostic tool. This position paper aims to illustrate the phoniatrician’s role in performing a FEES, which is an indispensable component of the diagnostic workup of patients suffering from oropharyngeal dysphagia. It is based on the current collaborative expert view of the Swallowing Committee of the Union of European Phoniatricians and a literature review. A FEES is one of the core competences of phoniatricians due to their endoscopic expertise and experience in the field of dysphagia and diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. Therefore, the phoniatrician is an important member of the dysphagia team, for the medical diagnostics of the aerodigestive tract and dysphagia as well as for FEES. Phoniatric competence is especially important for head and neck cancer patients, infants, and complex cases.

Edible mushrooms form very nourishing meals especially for invalids, for they are easily digestible. They are consumed not only for their innate flavor and taste, but also for their important nutritional value, therefore, we analyzed the micronutrient contents of fresh and canned Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom for their calcium, potassium and iron content. Fresh Agaricus was insignificantly higher in its calcium and iron contents (36.0 and 37.5 mg/100g; respectively) than Pleurotus (33.8 and 29.8 mg/100g) although the later was significantly higher in its potassium content (3890.4 mg/100g) versus 3102.9 in Agaricus. The micronutrient content of the canned Agaricus was higher than the canned cut Pleurotus. As these species of mushrooms are good sources of calcium, potassium, and iron, so they can be used as supplementary healthy foods for human nutrition.

Objectives The prevalence of diet-related diseases has risen rapidly. Changes in certain life-style factors (dietary habits, physical activity, sun exposure, and sleeping patterns) are the key to the understanding of these diseases. Most previous research studies investigated these factors separately and hence any interrelationships that may exist between these factors is not much clear due to the lack of a comprehensive Tool that determines these factors at a time in a collective manner. Therefore, this study aimed to design and validate an instrument that assesses these life-style factors in a comprehensive way. Methods The design and validation of the instrument were carried out in four distinct phases: a) literature review and existing instruments; b) design of the Instrument c) sample selection of experts (N = 14); and d) quantitative (Likert-type scale from 1 to 5) and qualitative assessment of degree the relevance of each of the 36 items included in the Tool. The questionnaire had 4 parts to cover data on dietary habits, physical activity, sun exposure, and sleeping patterns. Aiken's V coefficient was used to determine content validity. Likewise, internal consistency was calculated using Cronbach's α-coefficient. Results For most of the items, the results showed demanding levels of validity (V ≥ 0.76), internal consistency (α = 0.915), inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability. Conclusions Therefore, it is a valid and reliable instrument that makes possible a complete assessment of dietary intake, physical activity, sun exposure, and sleeping patterns in the adult Saudi population. Funding Sources The National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (2-17-03-001-0060).