Background: Anthelmintic resistance is commonly reported in horse populations in developed countries, but evidence in some working horse populations is either lacking or inconclusive. Objectives: To estimate prevalence of GI nematode infections in working horses in Egypt and to evaluate strongyle resistance to ivermectin, doramectin and fenbendazole. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Faecal egg count was performed on 644 working horses from 2 provinces in Egypt. A short questionnaire about horse signalment and worming history was completed for each horse. Horses identified with ≥50 strongyle type egg/g (n = 146) underwent faecal egg count reduction testing (FECRT) following treatment with ivermectin (n = 33), doramectin (n = 33) or fenbendazole (n = 30). Risk factors for strongyle (≥200 egg/g) and Parascaris equorum (>0 egg/g) infection were investigated using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: The prevalence of low (0-199 epg), medium (200-500 epg) and high (>500 epg) strongyle infection was 88.4%, 5.9% and 5.8%, respectively. P. equorum eggs were detected in 5.1% (n = 33) of horses. Strongyle FECR was 100%, 99.97% and 100% following treatment with ivermectin, doramectin and fenbendazole respectively. Anthelmintic treatment in the 12 months preceding examination was associated with reduced likelihood of strongyle infection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14, 0.47, P < .001). The likelihood of P. equorum infection was significantly associated with horses' age (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69, 0.90; P < .001). Male horses were more likely to have P. equorum infection (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.37, 5.93, P = .005). Main limitations: Nonrandomised selection of study areas and larval cultures was unsuccessful for some samples. Conclusions: There were low prevalence of strongyle and P. equorum infection and no evidence of macrocyclic lactones or benzimidazole resistance in strongyles in the studied working horse population.

BackgroundEquine pythiosis is an emerging, devastating disease that is hard to treat. The tumour‐like nodular skin masses grow rapidly and the outcome is generally fatal, and thus early diagnosis and intervention are important.Objectives(i) To highlight the clinical, histological and haematological findings in pythiosis, and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of direct sample multiplex‐PCR targeting the single nucleotide polymorphisms within the ribosomal DNA region for detection and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum.AnimalsTwo hundred and twenty horses including 204 Arabian and 16 draft horses were surveyed.MethodsCase series study diagnosis was based on clinical, pathological and haematological findings typical of P. insidiosum infection, culture identification, immunohistochemical investigation and direct sample PCR.ResultsThe affected horses (24 of 220, 10.91%) presented with unifocal or multiple lesions on the abdomen, limbs, chest, face and mammary gland. Cases commonly had a history of access to stagnant water, ponds and intentionally flooded rice fields. Most were pregnant mares (58.33%). Histopathology revealed granulomatous reaction, blood vessel endotheliosis, heavy infiltration of eosinophils in the dermal layer, multifocal necrosis and Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon. Unlike direct microscopy (50%) and culture (91.6%), multiplex‐PCR assay identified P. insidiosum (Clade II) in all tested samples. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first study determining a clade of P. insidiosum causing equine pythiosis in Egypt.Conclusions and clinical importanceDirect sample multiplex‐PCR assay is a potential tool for the early and rapid diagnosis of equine pythiosis. It overcomes limitations associated with morphological identification and provides a definitive diagnosis.

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The Labeo rohita (Rohu) Toll interacting protein (Tollip) is ubiquitously expressed in the kidneys, gills, spleen, liver, and blood. Tollip in L. rohita has higher eukaryotic structural features and is produced in response to bacterial infections. Several bacterial diseases, such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio spp, have been reported in the internal organs of L. rohita. The consequences of these bacterial infections can be 100% mortality of fish. There are currently no medicines or vaccines available to prevent or treat infections caused by the involvement of this protein. During bacterial infections, it was discovered that Tollip plays an essential function as a negative regulator of the MyD88-dependent TLR signalling pathway. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory potentiality of the Allium sativum compound against Tollip. A. sativum has been reported to show potential antibacterial activity against numerous microbial pathogens. Still, activity against the Tollip-promoted pathogens has not yet been reported. In silico virtual screen and molecular docking methods were used in this study to calculate the binding affinity of 48 drug compounds of A. sativum against the receptor Tollip. The docking and normal mode analysis methods predict 2 (PubChem CID: 122130381 and CID 12303662) inhibitory compounds that bind strongly with the Tollip with a binding affinity of -9.2 and -8.8 kcal/mol, respectively. The ADMET properties of the compounds also verified the drug resemblance features of the two compounds of A. sativum. Furthermore, to evaluate the efficacy of these two potential inhibitors, more in-vitro testing is required.

Aims: To compare the effectiveness of the endoscope-assisted approach with the open surgical technique for reduction of zygoma arch fractures. Study design: Randomized controlled study. Place and Duration of Study: Maxillofacial surgery unit, Otolaryngology department, Tanta University hospital, Tanta, Egypt, between April 2019 and October 2020. Methodology: We included 18 patients (15 men, 3 women; age range 16-63 years) with fracture of zygoma arch. Ten cases were operated by the endoscope-assisted approach while the other 8 cases were operated by the open surgical technique. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, adequacy of reduction and any complications were recorded and documented. Results: The endoscope assisted group showed a statistically significant lower risk of complications with risk reduction rate of 67.5%. In other terms, the number needed to treat was 1.5, that is to say we must treat 1.5 patients with the endoscope-assisted method to prevent 1 adverse event that would have happened with the traditional open approach. Other outcome measures of operative time and blood loss showed no statistically significant difference (P value equals .25 and .52 respectively). The outcome of rate of inadequate reduction has quite wide 95% CI (-19.38 to 19.38) that reflects imprecision due to lack of events. Conclusion: The endoscope-assisted method showed statistically significant superiority in the domain of incidence of complications risk reduction (67.5%). No statistically significant difference was recorded in other outcome measures. Thus, the endoscope assisted approach for the zygoma arch fracture is in our opinion a better option than the traditional open incision approach.