Effects of application of different rates of urea, biofertilizer, (Rhizobium radiobacter sp.) as salt tolerant PGPR strain and compost on barley (Hordeum valgare L. cv. Giza 126) were studied on a saline-sodic sandy loam soil at Gelbana village, Northern Sinai Governorate, Egypt during the two successive winter seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013. The studied treatments were No, control (non fertilized), N1, mineral-N (119 kg N ha-1), N2, mineral-N (179 kg N ha-1), equivalent 0 , 50 and 75% from recommended rate for barley, biofertilizer (Bio), biofertilizer (Bio) + N1, biofertilizer (Bio)+ N2, compost, compost + N1 and compost + N2. The results could be summarized as follow: available N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations were significantly increased due to the above mentioned treatments. On the other hand, the electrical conductivity (EC dSm-1) and soil pH values decreased due to these treatments. The applied urea, compost and biofertilizer as well as their combinations significantly, increased straw and grain yields as well as N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn contents in straw and grains, grain weight spike-1 and 1000-grain weight in the two growing seasons, except grains spike-1 which did not reach the level of significantly in the first season. The highest values of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) were obtained due to the treatment Biofertilizer + N1 (119 kg N ha-1). The higher rate of N fertilization i.e.,179 kg N ha-1 combined with compost was of superior effect on improving soil chemical properties and increasing barley production, protein content and nutrient uptake as compared to the other treatments. This was found to be true for straw and grains. Thus, it is suggested to use a combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers to achieve the highest yield without negative effect on grain quality.

Land reclamation projects and construction of new cities represent one of the Egypt's strategic polices to meet the over increasing population. The Quaternary aquifer represents the main water bearing formation in the study area, which extends from the Rosetta branch in the east to Wadi El-Natrun in the west and from south El-Khattab road at south to El-Nubaria and El-Nasser canals in the north. The present hydrogeological conditions of this area are studied to understand the stresses imposed by these reclamation projects and extensive use of groundwater on heads and quality. The hydraulic head map shows that the aquifer is recharged from the Nile Delta in the east. The present work throws light on the hydrochemistry of the Quaternary aquifer facies in El Sadat City and determines geochemical type, origin, evolution of groundwater and their relation to the prevailing hydrogeological and environmental conditions, and finally evaluates the suitability of ground water for different uses.

The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of the accumulation of harmful heavy metals in the irrigation water resulting from the proximity of the various activities of various water: sewage, artesian wells and industrial activities, particularly Borg El Arab Industrial area and take Nile water l Control (Bahig canal). The concentrations of these heavy metals in samples drawn from different distances from the source of irrigation in summer 2011 that contain the highest concentrations, followed by the winter of 2012. These results have shown that the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters is more than quantity of 5000 m by a 30 to 35 twice in water for irrigation, also the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters has values less than the permissible limits and disappeares completely at a distance of 5000 meters and that for different sources.

The basic objectives of this study were: 1) The ability to characterize the spatial variability across a soil for selected soil properties using GIS technique and 2) identification of site-specific management zones using selected soil properties using PCA and cluster analysis. 120 geo-referenced representative soil samples obtained from Sahl AlHussainiyah, El-Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, (from 0 to 0.60 m depth). These samples were prepared and analysed for soil characteristics, such as soil pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ), soil organic matter (OM), available N, P, K, soil cations exchange capacity (CEC), and bulk density (BD). Using semi-variogram analysis and ordinary kriging, spatial distribution pattern varies from moderate to strong spatial dependence for most soil characteristics. Using PCA and cluster analysis, site-specific management zones were identified in the study area. For further analysis, four PCs with eigenvalues > 1 were used, with PCs explaining 73.19 percent of the variance. Four MZs were defined based on cluster analysis using an agglomerative hierarchical clustering technique. The differences between these MZs were statistically significant (p < 0.05). 3.01 (466.56 ha), 36.47 (5658.9 ha), 31.02 (4813.54 ha), and 29.5 percent (4577.8 ha) of the total area is MZ1, MZ2, MZ3, and MZ4 (15516.8 ha).

Pliocene aquifer is the main source of water in the study area (Wadi El Natroun area), Western desert, Egypt. Area of the study was divided into three sectors (South, Centre and North). There is a deterioration of quality and increase salinity in water, salinity ranges between 300and 6822 mg\l. The target of this study explaining and clarify the evolution mechanism of water in the Pliocene aquifer through three former sectors to understand the mechanism of the hydrochemical processes by applying hydrogeochemical -environmental program (Netpath Program) which performed for three groundwater paths (A-A \ ), (B-B \ ) and (C-C \ ) sector and it used to explain net geochemical mass-balance reactions which occurs between initial and final water point. The study showed that the process of dissolution of chlorides and sulphate salts ( halite, gypsum and anhydrite) are the most common effected process, in contrast, deposition of carbonate salts and bicarbonate in the three sectors in area of the study, there is a significant effect of continuous cationic exchange between water and surrounding rocks leading to deterioration of water types and increasing salinity in the direction of water flow from East to West, also water quality change from bicarbonate water type in the east (initial points) to sulphate and chlorides water type in the west direction (final points) and these process represent late stage of mineralization.