The present work attempts to study the distribution of heavy metals in some drainage and canals located in Northern part of Egypt. Eight metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni) were determined in water. Metals concentrations in water varied between in different years and were, Fe (0.18-117.11), Mn (0.01-58.98), Zn (0.01-90.56), Cu (0.005-65.70), Pb (0.016-36.64), Cd (0.000-14.69), Co(0.002-89.72), Ni (0.019-73.22) mg/l respectively. Concentrations of heavy metals in water are compared with many guidelines to predict status of water pollution (Guideline for water irrigation agricultural FAO, 2017 and Specifications of fresh water, according to Law 48 of 1982 ,Article 60 of the Regulations). The results showed that all canals in this study are considered as sources of worst water for irrigation, and also all drains and mixed canals are considered above division of increasing salinity problems of irrigation water. Finally, the main drains are considered highly saline for irrigation and classified as salinity problems, So causing adverse impact on soil properties and productivity. The concentrations of heavy metals, pH and salinity are pollutants in all canals, and are still above the critical limits and could not be used for irrigation. This study recommends effective implementation of laws and regulations, removal of encroachments and buildings on the canal's borders and waterways, Nile River ,raise awareness and Provide the necessary resources to separate the waste of human activity from the biological and non-biological systems (biotic and a biotic).

It is known that the compost plays an affective role in enhancing soil fertility, consequently, plant growth and crops yield, so it is very important to the farmers to get compost has a good quality and distinguished properties. Therefore this study was carried out to investigate the effect of the amount of the oxygen (air) required to convert one Kg of lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes and turnip plant straw into compost. It was found that there is a relationship between the amount of oxygen and the weight of organic matter which refers to using the amount of O 2 as an indicator to the good quality of manufactured compost. In this study, carbon ratio and hydrogen ratio in straw of lettuce, tomato, potato and turnip vegetables and the amount of oxygen (air) required to convert one kilogram of straw into compost was measured. The most important results were that the greater the amount of oxygen used in the fermentation of raw materials, the greater the amount of organic matter, consequently increasing the quality of compost. The amount of oxygen used in the fermentation of raw materials was high for the potato fodder (6.20 kg) and the amount of organic matter (813 g) while the amount of oxygen required was less in the leaves of the Lettuce plant (4.69 kg) and organic matter (670 g). Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the amount of oxygen required to obtain good compost by knowing the amount of air that is needed to oxidize the organic waste, which is consists all mostly from the hydrocarbon chain (carbon and hydrogen).

Land degradation processes prevail in the terrestrial ecosystem of Kuwait, which dotted by a high number of land degradation hotspots. Therefore, the detection and identify of hot spots related to land degradation and thus vegetation cover are required. The information provided by satellites on land desertification and plant degradation is the most important pillar of demonstration, which relied upon in combating this dangerous environmental phenomenon. In this present study, based on the available information, the determination of land and vegetation cover deterioration were done. After that, the phenomenon resisted by replacing new plants and treating soil deterioration by following the recommendations and proposals through integrated environmental management and the cultivation of plants exists in the desert environmental lands in the State of Kuwait. The spatial distribution of land desertification in State of Kuwait was determined as well as we observed the disappearance of vegetation cover and an increase in land degradation due to overgrazing and human stress.

The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of the accumulation of harmful heavy metals in the irrigation water resulting from the proximity of the various activities of various water: sewage, artesian wells and industrial activities, particularly Borg El Arab Industrial area and take Nile water l Control (Bahig canal). The concentrations of these heavy metals in samples drawn from different distances from the source of irrigation in summer 2011 that contain the highest concentrations, followed by the winter of 2012. These results have shown that the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters is more than quantity of 5000 m by a 30 to 35 twice in water for irrigation, also the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters has values less than the permissible limits and disappeares completely at a distance of 5000 meters and that for different sources.

The current study was carried out to compare and analyze changes in soil health of some new reclaimed soils under different management practices (cropping patterns, irrigation systems and, water sources) and under different cultivation periods (0, 5, 20 and 50 years). The study area lies in the North West of the Nile Delta and includes parts of the West Beheria Settlement Project (WBSP) and some surrounding soils. It was chosen to represent the dominated calcareous sandy soils at that region. Soil health index relevant to the investigated soils was proposed, and relative soil health index (RSHI) was calculated. Data indicated that cultivated soils of the study area are generally characterized by intermediate to low relative soil health / quality index (RSHI) values ranging between 38.75 and 67.00 %. Data showed also that cultivation tended to improve the soil health. However, changes in relative soil health values (∆RSHI) due to cultivation were found to be wide (4.75 -31.50 %) and this could be assigned to the variation in the crop pattern and management practices. Soils cultivated with vegetables and using Nile water as irrigation water have the relative highest values of ∆RSHI among the studied soils (26.0 and 31.5%) On the other hand, soil cultivated with fruits showed the relative lowest values of ∆RSHI (7.5 -8.0%) in the soils using the same source of irrigation water (Nile water). Using Nile water caused a relative higher ∆RSHI value (26.0%) than using artesian water (4.75%) in soil cultivated with vegetables. Soils cultivated for 20 years and using either drip irrigation or flood irrigation by Nile water reveal very slight variation in values of ∆RSHI under the same crop pattern. However, data indicated that ∆RSHI values in the drip irrigated soils using Nile water tended to decrease as land use period increased, while the reverse occurred in soils using flood irrigation. Results obtained from the application of MicroLEIS software are, to a large extent, in harmony with those obtained from soil health studies using the relative soil health / quality index values (RSHI) and their changes (∆RSHI values) as well as the soil health / quality classes. However, it can be stated that MicroLEIS software can be used only at the regional scale, as it showed only the major differences in the land capability, while RSHI can be used successfully in small areas, which have minor differences.