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Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse health effects. Consumption of tea as a popular drink could be a potential source of fluoride exposure to humans. This research aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in tea among the Iranian people using the available data in the literature and to assess the health risk related to the consumption of tea in men, women, and children. The health risk assessment was conducted using the chronic daily intake and hazard quotient according to the approach suggested by the Environmental Protection Agency. The fluoride content in published studies varied noticeably, ranging from 0.13 to 3.27 mg/L. The results revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) in age groups of women (21–72 years) and children (0–11 years) was within the safe zone (HQ < 1) which showed that there was no potential of non-carcinogenic risk associated with drinking tea in these groups. However, in one case of the men (21–72 years), the HQ > 1 which shows a probable risk of fluorosis. The order of non-carcinogenic health risks in the studied groups was in the order of men > women > children. The results of this can be useful for organizations with the responsibility of human health promotion.

COVID-19 is spreading all around the world, and is considered as the most widespread infectious disease of the century. Coronavirus transmits through respiratory droplets when in close contact with the infected person. Therefore, populous places are more likely to be the source of the novel coronavirus that is threatening the health of everyone especially the geriatric population. This study aimed to compare the transmission of coronavirus between metropolitan and non- metropolitan counties as lessons of mortality (especially in geriatric) following COVID-19 epidemic. The USAFact.org public website (https://usafacts.org/visualizations) was used to determine the transmission between metro and non- metropolitan counties. In this study, four different time periods were considered for the COVID-19 incremental trend (April 1, May 1, June 1, and July 1, 2020). The number of cases was determined per each 10,000 population. Yellow color means no case in the metropolitan county (metro). Orange color means less than 10 cases/10,000 of the population in metro. Figure and maps were used to show the objectives of the study. In metropolitan counties, the spread of COVID-19 is very fast, which is significantly different from the non-metro counties (P<0.001). The results show the sharp increasing trend of infected people in metropolitan counties. In metropolitan counties the number of infected people reached 2 420 316 cases per 10 000 populations but the number of infected people reached 231 459 cases per 10 000 populations. Over the four months period, the frequency of the light colors was decreased. According to the results, susceptible people especially the elderly should move to non- metropolitan counties during the COVID-19 pandemic to be less likely at risk.