Objective To determine whether performance on measures of lower extremity muscle strength, sensory function, postural control, gait speed, and balance self-efficacy could distinguish fallers from nonfallers among ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury or disease (SCI/D). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Community. Participants Individuals (N=26; 6 female, aged 58.9±18.2y) with motor incomplete SCI/D (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale rating C [n=5] or D [n=21]) participated. Participants were 7.5±9.1 years post injury. Seventeen participants experienced traumatic causes of spinal cord injury. Main Outcome Measures Participants completed laboratory-based and clinical measures of postural control, gait speed, balance self-efficacy, and lower extremity strength, as well as proprioception and cutaneous pressure sensitivity. Participants were then followed for up to 1 year to track falls using a survey. The survey queried the circumstances and consequences of each fall. If a participant’s number of falls equaled or exceeded the median number of falls experience by all participants, they were classified a faller. Results Median follow-up duration was 362 days and median time to first fall was 60.5 days. Fifteen participants were classified as fallers. Most falls occurred during the morning or afternoon (81%), at home (75%), and while walking (47%). The following laboratory-based and clinical measures distinguished fallers from nonfallers ( P <.05): measures of lower extremity strength, cutaneous pressure sensitivity, walking speed, and center of pressure velocity in the mediolateral direction. Conclusions There are laboratory-based and clinical measures that can prospectively distinguish fallers from nonfallers among ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury. These findings may assist clinicians when evaluating their patients’ fall risk.

12%, in cross bred 22.7% and in local 18.9% through RBPT, while it was 4%, 15.3% and 12.7% through SAT in exotic, cross bred and local cattle, respectively. It was found that the occurrence of brucellosis was positively associated with increased TLC, AST, ALT and SD. On other hand Hb, TEC, TLC, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes counts were decreased in positive animals. Conclusion:In conclusion, Brucellosis in Lahore-Pakistan is a serious problem among dairy herds and inducing inimical impact on commercial dairy farmers' economy. The seroprevalence varies across animal breeds with variable deleterious changes in hematological parameters and serum biochemistry.

Background/Objectives: To identify and compare effective means of managing obesity in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods/Overview: This review included English and non-English articles, published prior to January 2017 found in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Psychinfo and Cochrane databases. Studies evaluating any obesity management strategy alone or in combination including diet therapy, physical exercises, passive exercises such as neuro-muscular electric stimulation (NMES), pharmacotherapy, and surgery, among individuals with chronic SCI were included. Outcomes of interest were declines in waist circumference, body weight, body mass index and Total Fat Mass (TFM) and increases in total lean body mass (TLBM). From 3553 retrieved titles and abstracts, 34 articles underwent full-text review and 23 articles selected for data abstraction. Weight loss due to inflammation, cancer or B12 deficiency was excluded. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated by Downs and Black tool and found to be generally poor to medium with 4 exceptions. Results: Bariatric surgery produced the greatest permanent weight reduction and BMI correction followed by combinations of physical exercise and diet therapy. Generally NMES and pharmacotherapy did not reduce weight but improved body composition (increases in TLBM and reductions in TFM). Conclusions: Due to link between adiposity and all-cause mortality; obesity is a legitimate therapeutic target. A trial of diet and exercise therapy is recommended prior to definitive bariatric surgery.

Background: Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are the vectors of leishmaniasis. There are different methods for sand fly collection with different performance. The purpose of the current study was to compare the effect of different traps for collection of Phlebotominae sand flies in three endemic leishmaniasis foci in North Khorasan Prov-ince, northeast of Iran. Methods: Sand flies were collected using seven different traps from three villages, three times each twenty days during peak periods of seasonal activity in 2016. Results: A total of 7253 sand flies were collected. The specimens belonged to19 species. Phlebotomus sergenti was the most predominant species in the study area. Light trap baited with Carbon dioxide (CLT) and sticky paper trap (SPT) caught 22.6% and 22.3% of sand flies respectively. Animal baited trap (ABT) and white Shannon trap (WST) caught significantly fewer sand flies than the other traps. The sex ratio was different by phlebotominae sand fly species and collection methods. The sex ratio was highest in SPT and lowest in black Shannon trap (BST). Species diversity and species richness in SPT were more than other traps. Conclusion: Our findings confirm that CLT and SPT are the most efficient sand fly collection methods. CLT is higher attractive for females and Phlebotomus genus and is an ideal method for monitoring the population of Phlebotomus ge-nus during surveillance. SPT is an inexpensive, convenient and easy to be used to detect the presence of sand flies at low densities and provide a more realistic estimation of sand flies biodiversity.