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The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the crude ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves on experimental animal model at three different dose level- 1g/kg, 500 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. For evaluation of the anti-inflammatory property carrageenan induced paw edema served as acute model and cotton pellet induced granuloma formation served as chronic model in rats. The acetic acid induced writhing response and hot plate test were used to assess antinociceptive activity in mice. The antipyretic activity was evaluated on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Acute toxicity test was also performed in rats after administration of the extract orally at high dose level (4g/kg). Oral administration of the ethanol extract of A. indica leaves significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the paw edema induced by carrageenan as well as granulomatous tissue formation induced by cotton pellet in rats at high dose level (1g/kg) but no significant effect was observed at 500 mg/kg and 250mg/kg dose level. In addition, ethanol extract obtained from A. indica leaves (1g/ kg) also significantly (P<0.05) attenuated the acetic acid induced writhing response in mice but did not show any significant protective effect on heat induced pain in mice. A significant antipyretic effect (P< 0.05) was noticed with ethanol leaf extract of A. indica leaves at 1g/kg and 500 mg/kg dose level. In acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed at 4 g/kg dose level. The present study also demonstrates the potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect of the ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves, which supports the claims by the traditional medicine practitioners. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antipyretic, Azadirachta indica DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3672 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 199-206, 2009

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Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad affecting blood elements. Therefore, the current study aimed to compare ameliorative effects of Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid, MZD) and praziquantel (PZQ) on some biochemical parameters in S. mansoni-infected mice. Accordingly, Swiss albino mice (n=72) were used and were divided into 4 equal groups; 18 mice each. Group (1) was uninfected non-treated control. Mice in infected groups administered 100 S. mansoni cercariae/mouse. Group (2) contained infected non-treated mice. Group (3) was infected and treated with MZD at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 successive days. Group (4) was infected and treated with PZQ in a dose of 500 mg/kg for 2 successive days. Treatment started 7 weeks post infection (WPT) by the oral route. Blood samples were collected at the 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks post treatment for liver functions (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney functions tests (blood urea and serum creatinine) and cholinergic function (serum cholinesterase level). PZQ ameliorated activities of serum enzymes; alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase more than MZD compared to infected untreated group. PZQ significantly decreased ALT at 1, 2 and 4 WPT as well as AST and ALP activity at 2 and 4 WPT whereas, MZD resulted in significant reduction in ALT activity at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT. AST and ALP activities appeared at the 2nd and 4th WPT. PZQ caused progressive significant reduction in elevated levels of urea and creatinine at the 1st, 2nd and 4th WPT, respectively that produced by MZD. PZQ and MZD induced a significant elevation in the level of AChE. Such effect was early detected MZD, and it was showed at the 2nd and 4th WPT for PZQ. It was concluded that PZQ and MZD were safe drugs with no adverse biochemical effects on S. mansoni-infected treated mice with potential action done by PZQ rather than MZD.

The aim of this study is to explore the attitude of Physiotherapists (PT) about psychological rehabilitation in sports injured patients. The study design is cross sectional study. The data was collected through a distribution of questionnaire among 123 certified PT. Questionnaire adapted from Physiotherapists and Sports Psychology Questionnaire (PSPQ) used to find the attitude and data analyze by using SPSS for results. The result showed that 83% PT believed that it is important to provide psychological rehabilitation to patient with sports related injuries. 86% think social and emotional support benefit in the recovery of sports injured patient. 66% used techniques to enhance self confidence and self-esteem and 62% taught patients emotion controlling strategies, 69% used relaxation techniques on sports injured patients and 71% PT recommended therapy reduces psychological problems in the patient is suffering from sports related injuries” The result of the this study showed an overall positive attitude.