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Negeri Sembilan, as one of the states in Malaysia, has been greatly influenced by the Minangkabau culture, in particular the Perpatih custom which led to the socalled misunderstanding that Negeri Sembilan Malay language (NSML) resembles or is similar to the Minangkabau language. This article aims to describe the distinctive phonological features of Negeri Sembilan language to mark its identity and therefore prove that it is free from the Minangkabau linguistic influence. This study utilises the Swadesh word list of 100 words to test pronunciation. Thirty informants were involved and they are speakers of the Negeri Sembilan Malay language and speakers of the Minangkabau language both in Malaysia and Sumatera. The research was conducted in Kuala Pilah, Rembau, and Beranang in Malaysia, while in Indonesia the data was collected in Paya Kumbuh, Bukit Tinggi, and Padang. Based on the 100 words tested, this study observed 17 pronunciation patterns in Negeri Sembilan language that are distinct from the Minangkabau language, specifically they are 10 vowel sounds patterns and 7 consonant sounds patterns. From these 17 patterns, 13 only occur in NSML and the remaining 4 patterns occur in both NSML and the Minangkabau language. Hence, it can be concluded that the Negeri Sembilan language has its own distinctive phonological identity, thus distinguishing it from the Minangkabau linguistic features.

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Any activities conducted at the boundary area between countries will only be successful if the community of speakers has mutual understanding in terms of language, especially those involving business. This study focuses on a community in the northern part of Malaysia near the Thailand border where majority of people are bilingual in Malay and Thai. This study aims to investigate the patterns of language used by speakers in the Malaysia-Thailand border, in the context of language maintenance and language shift. Both countries use different languages; with Malaysians use Malay and the Thais use Thai language. In this cross-border context, activities pertaining to business, visit or personal matters will have an impact on the development of the two languages. This study presents the findings on the language choice from a survey involving 202 respondents that was conducted in two border towns at the Malaysia-Thailand border, namely Rantau Panjang (Malaysian side) and Golok (Thailand side). By utilizing the domain concept that was introduced by Fishman (1972), this study focuses on two domains namely, business and family. In addition to the questionnaire, participant observations and interviews were also conducted as supplements. The data on the patterns of language choice were analyzed statistically. The findings show that although Malaysians and Thais speak two different languages, Kelantanese dialect, which is a variety of the standard Malay, was the most dominant language at the border. This study also found that age was a significant factor in determining the patterns of language use. The younger generations were using Kelantanese dialect and Thai language in domains where older people would only use Kelantanese dialect. This points to the occurrence of language shift at the border. However, the community at the Thai side of the border tends to choose Kelantanese dialect in their daily activities, which seems to indicate language maintenance in this area. These findings suggest that language can serve as a marker of identity, especially for those communities in Golok as most of them are originally from Malaysia. Finally, this study has contributed empirical data on language usage at the MalaysiaThailand border.

ABSTRAKMakalah ini ditulis berdasarkan kajian tentang aspek rujukan dalam teks akademik. Perbincangan dalam keseluruhan makalah akan memberikan fokus terhadap penggunaan anafora dalam teks akademik berdasarkan teks Blue Ocean Strategy (2005) yang diterjemahkan sebagai "Strategi Laut Biru" oleh Yayasan Kajian dan Strategi Melayu. Anafora bermaksud rujukan semula yang bertujuan untuk mengurangkan pengulangan unsur bahasa yang sama dalam sesuatu ayat atau wacana. Fungsi anafora adalah untuk memperlihatkan kesempurnaan makna, kepelbagaian gaya dan pertautan idea. Makalah ini secara khusus akan membandingkan penggunaan anafora dalam bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris dan penelitian yang khusus tentang anafora dalam kedua-dua bahasa ini akan dapat memperlihatkan bentuk-bentuk anafora yang lazimnya digunakan dalam teks akademik. Unsur anafora dalam teks terjemahan akan dianalisis berdasarkan pendekatan analisis kontrastif. Kajian ini menerapkan model pautan yang telah dicadangkan oleh Halliday (2004). Fokus kajian ialah rujukan personal dan rujukan demonstratif. Kajian ini telah menjelaskan dengan terperinci penggunaan anafora khususnya rujukan personal dan rujukan demonstratif dalam teks akademik yang secara tidak langsung dapat menunjukkan kepentingan hubung kait sesuatu maklumat sesebuah teks dengan menggunakan anafora. Hal ini penting kerana proses untuk memahami sesuatu teks itu ialah kebolehan seseorang pembaca untuk menghubungkaitkan antara maklumat semasa dengan maklumat yang telah dinyatakan sebelumnya. Berdasarkan analisis kajian, didapati bahawa penggunaan unsur anafora dalam teks bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa Melayu berbeza kerana sesuatu unsur anafora itu tidak semestinya mendapat padanan satu lawan satu antara bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa Melayu. Hal ini menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan anafora tidak semestinya selari antara kedua-dua bahasa kerana setiap bahasa mempunyai sistemnya yang tersendiri.Kata kunci: anafora; rujukan; teks ilmiah; pertautan idea; analisis kontrastif ABSTRACT This paper is written based on a research on references used in an academic text. The discussion in this paper focuses on the use of anaphora in an English academic text, Blue Ocean Strategy (2005) and its translation in Malay entitled "Strategi Laut Biru" by Yayasan Kajian dan Strategi Melayu. Anaphora is a reference that is used to reduce the repetition of the same language elements in a sentence or discourse. The function of anaphora is to show the perfection in meaning, style diversity and cohesion ideas. This paper specifically focuses on the comparison of anaphora in Malay and English that showed the form of comman anaphora use in academic text. Anaphora in the translated text will be analyzed based on the contrastive analysis approach. The study applies the cohesion model proposed by Halliday (2004). There are two focuses in this study, namely personal reference and demonstrative reference. This reseach has detailed out explanation about the use of personal and