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Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of sonication as a disinfection method for determining the effectiveness of ultrasound waves on the inactivation of E. coli. Ultrasound waves at a frequency of 42 kHz were used to expose aqueous suspension of E. coli. Ultrasound waves display a strong influence on the rate of E. coli disruption in water. Inactivation occurs most at the highest sonication time. This study show that sonication in 42 kHz is capable to some degree of inactivating E. coli.

End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading.