Therapeutic study, level IV-1 (case series).

Critical limb ischemia (CLI), the terminal stage of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), is characterized by an extremely high risk of amputation and vascular issues, resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. In patients with severe limb ischemia with no alternative therapy options, such as endovascular angioplasty or bypass surgery, therapeutic angiogenesis utilizing cell-based therapies is vital for increasing blood flow to ischemic regions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently considered one of the most encouraging cells as a regenerative alternative for the surgical treatment of CLI, including restoring tissue function and repairing ischemic tissue via immunomodulation and angiogenesis. The regenerative treatments for limb ischemia based on MSC therapy are still considered experimental. Despite recent advances in preclinical and clinical research studies, it is not recommended for regular clinical use. In this study, we review the immunomodulatory features of MSC besides the current understanding of different sources of MSC in the angiogenic treatment of CLI subjects and their potential applications as therapeutic agents. Specifically, this paper concentrates on the most current clinical application issues, and several recommendations are provided to improve the efficacy of cell therapy for CLI patients.

The present study has established a selective loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar vermis of ALS cases with intermediate repeat expansions in the ATXN2 gene, suggesting a divergent pathogenic mechanism independent of upper and lower motor neuron degeneration in ALS. We discuss these findings in the context of large repeat expansions in ATXN2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 2, providing evidence that intermediate repeats in ATXN2 cause significant, albeit less substantial, spinocerebellar damage compared with longer repeats in ATXN2.

ejaculatory latency time (IELT) of < 1 min, and a control group of 19 married men with a normal IELT. All men had a history taken, a systemic physical examination and laboratory studies. After organic and psychogenic disorders were excluded, the 19 patients were included in the study. Seminal plasma and serum magnesium levels were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTSThe mean ( SD ) plasma magnesium level was 94.7 (10.9) mg/L in the cases and 116.7 (11.6) mg/L in the controls. There was a significant relationship between seminal plasma magnesium, but not the plasma level, and PE ( P < 0.001 and 0.597 respectively). CONCLUSIONPE is significantly related with a lower level of seminal plasma magnesium. The pathological physiology of this relationship requires more investigation.