In this paper we have proposed a novel Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) prime code, hereby referred to as the "Uniform Cross-Correlation Modified Prime Code (UC-MPC)". A novel set of formulas is derived for construction of the UC-MPC. Also the correlation properties of the UC-MPC are analyzed and compared with other existing prime code families. Based on this new spreading code, we have analyzed and compared the performances of the following PPM-OCDMA systems (
i) without interference cancellation (ii) with interference cancellation and Manchester codes and (iii) with cancellation only.We have found that the proposed UC-MPC has better correlation properties, enhances the bit error rate (BER) and improves the security, as compared with the other existing prime code families.Index Terms-Co-channel interference reduction, optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), prime code families, synchronous optical code division multiple access.
INTRODUCTION: Waste management in cities has not advanced at the same rate as technology in general. Furthermore, there is little evidence that citizens are satisfied with services in smart cities. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this paper is therefore to capture citizen perspectives in relation to smart city services and, specifically, that of waste management. METHODS: An online survey was disseminated using Google Forms to twenty-five homeowners within the Tourism Ireland office in Coleraine, Northern Ireland. The objective was to gather the typical citizen perspective of smart cities, their views on the meaning of 'smart waste management', and any features which they would like to experience with regard to their waste collection process and/or schedule in a future smart city. RESULTS: It was found that a common perception of a smart city exists, it being one concerned with efficiency and recycling; fewer citizens are, however, familiar with the term 'smart waste management'. Homeowners generally acknowledge that improvements to their current bin collection schedule are necessary. CONCLUSION: The paper concludes with a discussion of the ways in which citizens believe that a bin collection schedule which they are in control of would be an improvement on a council-defined one. We correlate this with extensions necessary to service provisioning processes, and Service Level Agreements (SLAs), to support future smart city services.
Service connections to the IoT require a user to have a degree of technical capability. This can be limiting in the case of the elderly, and de-motivating in encouraging their connection. It is therefore pertinent to support those groups who are otherwise marginalized. The objective of this paper is therefore to consider the reasons that the elderly are deterred from connecting to the IoT, with specific focus given to those aspects which can reasonably be influenced. This work is conducted with a view to making recommendations in relation to the service provisioning process and, specifically, the way in which Service Level Agreements (SLAs) may be customized to respond to the elderly's needs and encourage their connection.
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