BACKGROUND: COVID-19 disease effects on all age group and sex, especially the elderly, due to the high mortality rate, it is very impressive and the protective measures can reduce mortality in the elderly. AIM: The present study was conducted to find the determinants of COVID-19 prevention behavior in the elderly in Urmia by emphasizing on the health belief model. METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional study on 1400 elderly people in Urmia, Iran in 2020 and the sample selection was by simple random sampling by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire in this study that included demographic characteristics, health belief model questionnaire, and COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and linear regression tests using SPSS 23 software. RESULTS: The results showed that the COVID-19 prevention behavior score has been increased by increasing age rate and this behavior was higher in older women than men (p = 0.02). Furthermore, linear regression test showed the most predictive constructs as knowledge (B = 0.38), perceived susceptibility (B = 0.29), perceived intensity (B = 0.25), and perceived self-efficacy (B = 0.21, respectively) and these structures were statistically significant (p < 0/05). CONCLUSION: Effective interventions based on the health belief model and emphasizing on promoting knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity, and perceived self-efficacy can prevent the elderly from developing this disease and its complications.

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Background Present study was conducted to determine the effect of training on coping efforts and stress moderators, based on transactional model of Lazarus and Folkman, in hemodialysis patients. Methods This is a randomized controlled clinical trial on 116 hemodialysis patients referred to dialysis centers in Tehran from May to August 2018. The patients were assigned to two experimental and control groups using a simple randomization method. The intervention included 6 training sessions in the form of coping efforts and moderators of transactional model. Data were collected before and 3 months after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Results After 3 months training intervention, there was significant increase in the intervention group in the mean scores of coping efforts (P < 0.001), moderators and subscales of emotional regulation from 51.18 ± 20.42 to 64.87 ± 13.18 (P < 0.001), dispositional coping style from 45.56 ± 19.45 to 55.84 ± 18.03 and social support from 49.61 ± 20.14 to 55.55 ± 17.35 (P < 0.005). Conclusion The training based on transactional model was successful in the increase of social support, dispositional coping style and emotional regulation in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, Nurses and healthcare providers can use this program to help hemodialysis patients to increase their adaptation to the illness and reduce stress. Trial registration IRCT registration number: IRCT20180524039814N1; Registration date: 13-08-2018; Registration timing: retrospectively registered: Last update: 13-08-2018.

Purpose: Use of smokeless tobacco is a major preventable cause of premature death and diseases. It leads to over 5 million deaths annually worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the status of smokeless tobacco use and its associated factors among the business guilds population of Chabahar City, Iran. Method: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 users of various types of smokeless tobacco selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made demographic questionnaire, smokeless tobacco inventory, attitude questionnaire, and behavior questionnaire. The validity and reliability of these tools were confirmed in the previous studies. Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and %age) and inferential statistics (Kruskal-Wallis and Exact Fisher test). Results: Most of the participants used the chewing tobaccos Gutkha and Pan-Parag (24%, 95% CI= 28.7-19.4 and 23%, 95% CI= 27.7-18.5, respectively). The mean scores (standard deviations) of the participants' behavior and attitude were 7.71 (2.59) and 22.34 (7.60), respectively. The results of bivariate analysis indicated no significant difference among different smokeless tobacco groups regarding the attitude scores (P = 0.104). A significant association was observed among different groups of smokeless tobacco regarding the behavioral scores (P = 0.007). Conclusion: The scores of attitude and behavior were significantly low among the business guilds population of Chabahar City regarding consumption of smokeless tobacco. Therefore, effective steps should be taken urgently to launch social awareness programs to educate people about the consequences of tobacco use and effectiveness in curbing the problem.

Objectives To investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and spiritual intelligence with mental health in students. Methods This descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 277 students (110 boys and 167 girls) through convenience sampling. The data collection instruments in this study included a spiritual well-being questionnaire, King’s spiritual intelligence questionnaire, and Goldberg’s general health questionnaire. After being entered into SPSS statistical software, the data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical. Results The results of multivariate regression analysis using the step-by-step method showed that spiritual well-being predicts 14% of the variance of students’ mental health. Also, on the scale of spiritual well-being, the two dimensions of communication with oneself and communication with others were predictors for the social functioning dimension of mental health. Also, among the subscales of spiritual well-being, the subscale of connection with God had an inverse and significant relationship with anxiety and physical health (p<0.05), and an inverse and significant relationship were observed between the subscale of connection with self with anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Conclusions The results of the present study confirm that spiritual well-being and spiritual intelligence affect mental health and its dimensions.