Most governmental projects in Jordan have cost overrun, it rises during the on-going stage to increase the cost and prolong the time of the project. Unfortunately, until this moment, there is no particular management system in Jordan construction industry to minimize cost overrun and variation order adopted by the government. In contrast, global construction industry has witnessed a huge transformation in terms of the use of digital technologies, particularly Building Information Modeling (BIM) which is a revolutionary digital technology and operation that is reshaping the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. approach and objectives causes before of this paper are firstly to review the factors contributing to variation orders in governmental road projects in Jordan, secondly, to propose a BIM design applications strategy to minimize variation orders, to achieve the objectives a quantitative approach was followed by distributing a questionnaire, then the data was analyzed statistically using relative importance index, the results were as follow. Our findings suggests that the most important factors causing change orders were as follow: Inaccurate quantity take-off (0.66); Labours or material not meeting the specifications (0.63); Logistic delays (0.60); Internal politics (0.566); and the equipment and tools are not available (0.55). The results also indicate that Contract Parties, Consultant, Contractor and Other Variations had significant positive effects on V. O, whereas the effects of BIM Design Applications, Facility Operations Simulation, Exploration Design Scenarios, BIM Design Detection, (BIM Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimation) had a passive impact on V.O. Lastly, BIM has obtained a great reputability by enhancing the productivity in construction society, minimizing the total cost of the projects, and many other benefits.

In this study, the catalytic ozonation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the presence of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and the formation of byproducts during ozonation has been studied. Results showed that catalytic ozonation in the presence of Al2O3 can substantially enhance PCP degradation efficiency compared with the using only ozonation process. The influences of several environmental parameters including pH of the solution, initial PCP concentration, dosage of Al2O3 and dissolved ozone concentration were also investigated. The highest degradation efficiency of PCP was achieved at conditions: pH 8, 1.87 g/LAl2O3, and 0.49 g/L dissolved ozone concentration. The catalytic activity of Al2O3 was linked to highly hydroxylase surface. The surface hydroxyl groups on Al2O3 were the active places during catalytic ozonation. According to the drastic changes in the color of solution during ozonation this study and results of some previous researches, formation of the intermediate reaction products during ozonation was verified. Free chloride ion released, which was favored at slightly alkaline solution, was also followed in catalytic ozonation process.

The compressive strength of concrete may be affected by seepage of salt water. Dead Sea water is a hazardous environment for concrete due to high concentration of salts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Dead Sea water on the compressive strength of concrete containing hydrophobic water-repellent admixture, and to determine the optimum dosage of admixture to be used to reduce this effect. Three types of cement were used (Ordinary Portland Cement, Pozzolanic Cement, and Sulphate-Resisting Cement) with various dose rate of hydrophobic water repellent admixture (0%, 2%, and 4% of cement weight). An experimental approach, in which the specimens were divided based on the type of cement and the specimen’s age, was adopted. Nine control cubic specimens were cured in plain water to ensure that the required compressive strength was reached and (54) specimens were cured in Dead Sea water. The specimens cured in Dead Sea water were tested at 7 and 28 days to investigate the effect of Dead Sea water on the early and long-term strength. The results showed that a reduction in the 28-day compressive strength occurred in all specimens for the three types of cement used, but with the addition of water repellent, this reduction was alleviated, and the optimum percentage of admixture was 2% of cement weight.

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