Most governmental projects in Jordan have cost overrun, it rises during the on-going stage to increase the cost and prolong the time of the project. Unfortunately, until this moment, there is no particular management system in Jordan construction industry to minimize cost overrun and variation order adopted by the government. In contrast, global construction industry has witnessed a huge transformation in terms of the use of digital technologies, particularly Building Information Modeling (BIM) which is a revolutionary digital technology and operation that is reshaping the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. approach and objectives causes before of this paper are firstly to review the factors contributing to variation orders in governmental road projects in Jordan, secondly, to propose a BIM design applications strategy to minimize variation orders, to achieve the objectives a quantitative approach was followed by distributing a questionnaire, then the data was analyzed statistically using relative importance index, the results were as follow. Our findings suggests that the most important factors causing change orders were as follow: Inaccurate quantity take-off (0.66); Labours or material not meeting the specifications (0.63); Logistic delays (0.60); Internal politics (0.566); and the equipment and tools are not available (0.55). The results also indicate that Contract Parties, Consultant, Contractor and Other Variations had significant positive effects on V. O, whereas the effects of BIM Design Applications, Facility Operations Simulation, Exploration Design Scenarios, BIM Design Detection, (BIM Quantity Take-off and Cost Estimation) had a passive impact on V.O. Lastly, BIM has obtained a great reputability by enhancing the productivity in construction society, minimizing the total cost of the projects, and many other benefits.

Steel slag (SS) is a kind of industrial solid waste usually been dumped at landfills and causes environmental pollution. Previous studies have demostrated that SS can be an alternative material to be used for making concrete and could achieve good mechanical properties, which not only reduce natural resources depletion but also improve environmental quality. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of SS as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) partially replacing cement on workability and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete. X-ray flouresence test, slump test, compressive strength test and ultra pulse velocity test have been conducted. Mix designs are determined with replacement proportion of cement by SS of 0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Results show that replacement of cement by SS up to 50% increase the workability of concrete. The density of concrete ranges from 2083 to 2373 kg/m3, with and without replacement of SS at curing age of 1-day, 3-day and 28-day. Compressive strength of concretes incorporating SS is lower than that of plain concrete. 1-day and 3-day compressive strength of concrete incorporating SS decrease with the increase in replacement of SS while 28-day compressive strength reach peak at 30% replacement and further replacement of SS reduce 28-day compressive strength. The UPV value of concrete have good relationship with compressive strengh with the correlation coefficient of 0.92, 0.87 and 0.70 of 1-day, 3-day and 28-day experiment data, respectively. This study indicates the SS can be used for making concrete.

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Flexible pavement failure has been a major problem encountered in various countries. Some common distress which had been listed are cracking and rutting. The causes of this distress are due to moisture, weak sub-grades and poor construction quality. High amount of distress in the pavement however is likely to cause dis-comfort for the passengers, higher accident rate and heavy traffic. Study suggested that, flexible pavement failure can be reduce, through maintenance of the wearing course of the pavement, improving the base, sub-base layer or the sub-grade soil underneath of the pavement. However, high production or material cost, high construction cost, excessive settlement, or weak inter-molecular bonds in the flexible pavement are some of the common problem encountered with the current improvement techniques. This significance difference of this review paper compare to other is that, in this review paper it focuses on the flexible pavement failure, the different types of improvement method currently applied. Consequently, it further recommend flexible pavement improvement method through by reducing the sub-base layer thickness and inclusion of light weight material in the sub-base layer so that, the settlement of the pavement is reduced.

Jordan construction industry experience challenges that reduce the number of construction industry organizations to121organization in 2016 compared to 148 in 2015 based on the Central Bank of Jordan annual report. According to the literature the main causes identified by researchers include poor design, poor scheduling and planning and the fragmental nature of the industry. To address these challenges, the adopting of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is proposed. This study presents a strategic plan to adopt BIM by the private sector of the Jordan construction industry. Through wide and comprehensive survey (quantitative approach) the findings shows that the adoption of BIM in the Jordanian private construction section is subjected to many factors such as the top management support, spreading awareness by the construction associations and governmental national BIM training centres.