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Background: To reduce the spread of COVID-19, physical distancing and hand washing has been widely promoted. However, more work is needed to understand the predictors of compliance with such health behaviors, such as fear of COVID-19. Methods: The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was administered to a sample of 1,029 Saudi participants recruited for an online survey. Analyses explored associations between fear of COVID-19 with demographic variables, frequency of physical distancing and hand washing, as well as perceived seriousness of COVID-19, and knowledge of recommended health behaviors and government restrictions. Results: Frequency of physical distancing and hand washing was overall very high. Fear of COVID-19 did not predict health behaviors. Knowledge of government restrictions predicted both physical distancing and hand washing, while perceived seriousness of COVID-19 also had a weak association with hand washing.Conclusion: Pandemic-related health behaviors such as physical distancing and hand washing do not appear to be motivated by fear in the present sample from Saudi Arabia. Interventions aimed at increasing compliance with recommended health behaviors thus benefit more from provision of relevant information.

Over the past few years, research has suggested a link between valproate sodium (VPA) therapy and weight gain. This systematic review investigates the association between obesity and VPA treatment in epilepsy patients. PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Wiley, and Cochrane Library were used to perform a systematic literature search. Study articles were screened by title and abstract using Rayyan QCRI then a full-text assessment was implemented. A total of nine studies with 416 patients were included. Valproate-treated adult patients for epilepsy experience weight gain up to obesity while undergoing treatment. Studies investigating the pediatric population reported that obesity in children receiving VPA is widespread. Treatment with VPA is associated with significant weight gain and related metabolic disorders in adults and children with epilepsy. Leptin and insulin resistance are suggested as the primary mechanisms underlying weight gain with VPA, despite the need for extensive research into the mechanisms underlying their development in patients taking the medication.

Background: Stress fractures are well perceived in military preparing and athletes. Aside from knowledge of the frequency of these fractures and their impact on the economy and lost training hours, there are just a few studies in Saudi Arabia that show the real incidence of these              fractures. The precise incidence must be known in order to provide recommendations for future preventative initiatives. This study aims to assess the knowledge of stress fractures among Saudi soldiers. Methodology: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in medical centers; these centers are located in Saudi Arabia on male and female patients of all ages who are in Saudi military society to assess the knowledge of stress fractures among Saudi military society. Data collection was done by questionnaire that distributed between Saudi soldiers. Data was entered and analyzed using (SPSS) program, version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). Results: Of all 1178 studied participants, 51.5% aged between 20- 30 years old. 91.7% were males. 47.5% of all participants had never heard of stress fractures before, 26.2% heard about it when joined military and 17.4% heard about it before joining the military field. 20.8% of all participants had stress fractures before, 10.4% were diagnosed through x-rays and medical history with the doctor, 4.6% were diagnosed through medical history only, and 2.4% diagnosed themselves. 85.3% of all participants agreed that stress fractures occur due to repetitive loading on the bones, 76.6% agreed that predominance of stress fractures of the lower extremities, over fractures of the upper extremities, 67.6% reported that stress fractures can be treated with painkillers, physiotherapy and reduce the risk and 78.6% agreed that stress fractures can be prevented by wearing appropriate footwear. Conclusion: Participants and relatively good knowledge of stress fractures. Knowledge of stress fracture was significantly associated with years of experience of participants, military sector, and residence area in the kingdom.