Urinary catheters act as a reservoir of resistant pathogens. Several factors (type, duration, procedural mistakes during insertion of catheter, associated diseases of patients, etc.) are responsible for the different catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates in different healthcare setups. This study was conducted to determine bacteria that can be found in the urinary catheter of UTI patients. The samples were aseptically collected into a sterile container 48 h after insertion of catheter. Urine culture was done on blood agar and cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient agar. However, standard protocol of identification was done to identify the isolates. The highest prevalence in relation to age in this study was obtained in age groups 21-30 and 41-50 years, each with 11 (23.40%) uropathogens, and the lowest was obtained in the 71-80 years age bracket with zero prevalence. A higher number of uropathogens was found in female participants (26, 55.32%) than in male patients (21, 44.68%). However, different types of bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were isolated from catheters of UTI patients. Among the isolates, higher prevalence was found in E. coli in both male and female patients with a frequency of seven/21 (33.33%) and eight/26 (30.77%), respectively, followed by S. aureus with six/21 (28.57) and five/26 (19.23) in male and female patients, respectively. Catheterization of UTI patients is a very common procedure used in many hospitals, and practice is even more common in the intensive care units of most hospitals.

Background: Adansonia digitata L (Baobab) contains different classes of bioactive compounds which were identified from various parts of the plant such as seed, leaves, and roots and also stem bark. The study was designed to determine the antibacterial activity of Adansonia digitata leaf and stem bark extracts. Methods: The plant material was extracted using aqueous, ethanol and methanol; and their activity against the three clinical isolates Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was ascertained using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the different extracts were also determined. One way analysis of variance was conducted using Stata/SE11.1 and t-test to determine the significant difference between the effects at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The extracts were found to be effective against the tested organisms. The methanolic extracts showed significantly higher activity against the test organisms compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts (p = 0.000). The result also demonstrated that the leaf extract is more active than the stem bark extract with significant difference (p=0.000). The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited highest inhibitions zone of 19mm and 16mm against E. coli at concentration of 1000mg/mL respectively. The MIC result of the study showed that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited the growth of the organisms at 25 mg/ml. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have MBC at 25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts have significant effect against the test organisms at all concentration tested.

Milk and milk products are highly nutritious substances and they are more prone to microbial attack and spoiled very easily. Fermented milk was analyzed to ascertain the level of contaminants and to also to quantify it is nutritional composition. Total aerobic and anaerobic bacteria contaminants as well as coliform bacteria in the fermented milk were determined. The proximate, vitamin and mineral concentration of the fermented milk were also ascertained. The pH, temperature, turbidity and acidity of the fermented milk were found to be 4.38±0.29, 10.26±1.70C, 6.22±4.89NTU, 0.16±0.04 respectively. The mean aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were 2.23x109cfu/mL and 6.15x103cfu/mL while the coliform count was 6.10±2.2MPN/100mL. However, the fermented milk analyzed was found to contain an appreciable amount of proximate constituent, vitamins and mineral element. Lack of cooling system in most of the study areas can significantly increase the pH and temperature of the milk and this will create a good environment for microorganisms which when fermented milk stay longer the bacteria will further ferment the milk and produce acid turn the milk sour.

Background: Urinary catheterization is a common procedure found in hospitals, and is even more common in intensive care units. There are risk factors associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), of which the use of a urinary catheter accounts for more than 80% of all health care associated UTIs. This study was conducted to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria associated with urinary catheters from UTI patients. Methods: Urine samples were collected aseptically from a removed catheter within 24hours of insertion and cultured on blood agar and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and identified. Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Results: A total of 47 isolates were obtained, E. coli 15(31.92%), P. aeruginosa 4(8.51%), P. mirabilis 5(10.64%), P. vulgaris 5(10.64%), K. pneumonia 3(6.38%), S. aureus 11(23.40%), S. saprophyticus 4(8.51%) and showed various degrees of resistance and susceptibility to various antibiotics. E. coli was 73.3% and 66.7% resistance to gentamycin and cefotaxime respectively. P. aeruginosa showed 100% and 50% resistance to Nitrofurantoin and cefatoxine respectively, P. mirabilis showed 100% resistance to cefatoxine and 60% to gentamycin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. P. vulgaris was also 100% resistance to gentamycin, ampicillin, cefotaxime and 80% to tetracycline. K. Pneumonia showed 100% resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin and norfloxacin. S. Saprophyticus showed 100% resistance to only teicoplanin. However, all the isolates were 100% susceptible to at least one antibiotic. Conclusion: The bacterial pathogens associated with infection in urinary catheters in this study respond to different antibiotics at different degrees ranging from sensitive to resistant.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis C among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Specialist Hospital Yola. Study Design:  The prevalence of Hepatitis C was ascertained among pregnant women attending antenatal care in specialist hospital Yola, Adamawa State. Anti HcV antibody in the serum of the pregnant women was detected using a sandwich rapid diagnostic chromatographic test strip. Questioner was used to obtain the demographic data of the pregnant women. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Specialist Hospital Yola where the samples were collected. Samples were processed and the analysis carried out at Microbiology Laboratory of Modibbo Adama University Yola. The study was conducted in March to June of 2021. Methodology: 251 consenting pregnant women of varying age and family background were enrolled in the study, where 15 were randomly selected using a systematic random sampling technique on each antenatal visit. Results: The prevalence of HcV in this study was 5.18% and the highest prevalence was found among age group 21-25years with 1.59% and the lowest among the age group 36 and above with 0.39%. Base on type of family, HcV was found to be higher in those from monogamous families (3.59%). Hcv Prevalence was also found to be high among those women who fall in the group ‘’others’’ which comprises of school dropped out and non-educated (1.59%). Participants with tribal marks, those no history of blood transfusion and intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) also showed high prevalence of the virus with percentage prevalence of 3.19%, 3.98% and 3.98% respectively.  The study revealed that  HCV infection is not significantly associated with age and family type (P value > .05) but significantly associated with educational status, possession of tribal mark/tattoo, history of blood transfusion, and drug abuse  (P value < .05). Conclusion: HCV prevalence is low among pregnant women attending Specialist Hospital in Yola, Adamawa state Nigeria for antenatal care. Also, the percentage prevalence observed worldwide is within the range of 1.0-8.0%. However, there are other local governments areas with a dense population that may produce a major difference with the result obtained in this study.