Chitosan and chitin are mainly extracted from shells of fish such as lobsters, crabs or shrimps. Originally, the raw material and the two compounds are identical. This study aims to show the acid concentration effect on chitosan extraction from shrimp shells between concentrated and diluted acid; on surface morphology, thermal resistance, structural, elemental composition, optical and opto-electronic properties. It also aims to reduce the production time and increase the quantity. We focused mainly on comparing between Physico-chemical properties of chitosans extracted by diluted (1M) and concentrated (20%) Chloric acids, and sometimes we compare by other concentrated acids like nitric acid (70%) and sulphuric acid (98%). We performed the product's characterization by various tools such as: X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infra-Red (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetry and Derivative Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The elemental analysis (XRF and EDX). The results showed that all chitosan samples we gained are good about 80% degree of deacetylation, and pure mostly composed by carbon between (15,02% -45.55%), nitrogen (4,17% -12.28%) and oxygen (42.16% and 81.25%), with appearance of essential peaks for chitosan in Raman analysis: 470 cm À1 → ν(C-C(¼O)-C), 1000 cm À1 → ν(C-H), 1800 cm À1 → δ(C¼CCOOR), δ(C¼O), 2630 cm À1 → δ(CH) rings, 3250 cm À1 → ν(NH 2 ). All our chitosan particles are ultrafine nanoscale between 8 and 34 nm.
ABSTRACT.Incorporating metal ions into a calcium hydroxyapatite structure is a successful pathway to increase their physical, chemical and biological properties. ) a été réalisée par force de broyage et sous l'effet de la température élevée pour éliminer toute impureté. Les poudres d'hydroxyapatite (HAP) dopées avec des ions métalliques ont été caractérisées par la spectroscopie Uv-visible pour évaluer l'activité photocatalytique de tous les échantillons de nos poudres d'HAP. Les résultats obtenus montrent une activité photocatalytique élevée dans toutes les poudres HAP.
Our study focuses on the influence of the oxidation temperature on the crystallite size, oxidation kinetics and mechanisms associated with the oxidation of Erbium Tetrapolyphosphate (TPE). We compared the evolution of the crystallographic morphology of the TPE powder subjected to a heat treatment at high temperature between 200 ° C and 1100 ° C. The evolution of the crystallite size of the powder was demonstrated by X-rays diffraction. The structural units of phosphate-based glass were assessed from Raman spectra as TPE; the results show the decomposition of powder in the temperature range of 850°-1100°C. Er3+ absorption spectra were measured in the range of 400-800 nm. Optical bandgap (Eg) were determined using Tauc's relationship for direct transitions. RÉSUMÉ. Notre étude se concentre sur l'influence de la température d'oxydation sur la taille des cristallites, la cinétique d'oxydation et les mécanismes associés à l'oxydation de l'Erbium Tetrapolyphosphate (TPE). Nous avons comparé l'évolution de la morphologie cristallographique de la poudre du TPE soumis à un traitement thermique variant entre 200°C et 1100°C. L'évolution de la taille des cristallites de la poudre a été déterminée par la diffraction des rayons X. Les unités structurales du verre à base de phosphate sous forme de TPE ont été évaluées à partir des spectres Raman. Les résultats montrent la décomposition de la poudre dans la plage de température de 850-1100°C. Les spectres d'absorptions de TPE ont été mesurés dans la plage de 400 à 800 nm. Les bandgap optique (Eg) ont été déterminées en utilisant la relation de Tauc pour les transitions directes.
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